Hamid, Sultan Abdul, and Turkish genocide, 173, 174, 177, 185
hard times, see difficult life conditions
Hartt, B., on national upheaval, 32
Head Start program, 268
hedonic balancing: in difficult times, 38; by perpetrators, 70
Heidegger, Martin, as Nazi supporter, 107
Heider, Fritz, cognitive consistency theory of, 151
“Heil Hitler” greeting, pschological effects of, 17, 82
helpfulness (see also altruism; caring; continuum of benevolence): bystander influence in, 86-8, 152; divisive forms of, 278; factors affecting, 41-2; and learning by doing, 80-1; vs. number of persons present, 84; responsibility in, 87
helplessness of Jews, 164-5
Herder, Johann Gottfried, on German cultural specialness, 105
heroic bystanders as rescuers of Jews, 119, 140, 154-5, 165-9
heroic nihilism in Germany, 115
Hess, Rudolph, 94
Hilberg, Raul: on bureaucratization of functions, 28-9; on euphemistic language in Holocaust, 29
Himmler, Heinrich, 128-9, 131; on master race, 97; moral conflict in, 147; responsibility assumed by, 84; on SS goals, 150
Hindu-Muslim conflicts, 250
Hitler, Adolph: accomplishments of, 116-17; on Armenian genocide, 187; bodyguard for (SS), 128; chancellor appointment of, 94; confirmation of faith in plans of, 87; difficult life conditions exploited by, 267; on dismissal of Jewish scientists, 97; early public speeches of, 96; on exterminating Munich Jews, 97; fanaticism of, 76, 98; genocidal ideas of, before gaining power, 67; ideology of, 94-8; influences on his anti-Semitism, 98; leadership effectiveness of, 23-4, 30, 98-9, 109; on living space (Lebensraum) rights, 55; Mein Kampf, 64, 94, 97; mother of, 31, 98; national interest defined by, 257; Nietzsche’s influence on, 111 –13; personality of, 31; Polish attack faked by, 65; positive feelings toward, 151; promises of (1920s), 93; propaganda of, 88; psychopathology of, 31, 98; religious groups supporting, 46; rise to power, 44, 91-9; Russian front defeat of, 49; social classes supporting, 46; Soviet Union alliance of, 96; SS oath of loyalty to, 129; in Vienna, 98
Hobbes, Thomas, on human nature, 26, 28
Hoche, Alfred, on euthanasia, 122
Hoess, Rudolf (Auschwitz commandant), 132, 142
Hoffer, Eric, on mass movements, 237
Hoffman, Martin, on parental punishment, 72
Hoffman, Stanley, on national interest and power, 258
Holocaust: academic community’s nationalism and, 106-7; anti-Semitism in, 30, see also anti-Semitism; in Austria, 161, 164n; authoritarianism and, 29-30, 108-11; in Belgium, 154-5, 161; bribery in, 131; British passivity in, 156-7; in Bulgaria, 154-5; bystanders’ role in, 151-8, 165-6; Canadian passivity in, 156; casualties in, 7, 9, 152-5; church leaders’ behavior in, 152—5; collective retribution policy in, 164; compartmentalization in, 28-9, 83-5, 108; concentrations camps in, see concentration camps; continuum of destruction in, 116-27; coping mechanisms of victims in, 158-65; cultural preconditions in, 100-16, 233; cultural superiority feelings and, 105-7; in Denmark, 154; devaluation of Jews and, 100-4; difficult life conditions preceding, 91-4; doctor’s role in, see doctors in Holocaust; economic conditions and, 32, 91-3; in Estonia, 161; euphemistic language in, 29, 156; euthanasia in, 66, 121-3; family (perpetrator) role in, 30-1; Final Solution creation in, 9; in France, 165-6; German population as bystanders in, 151; group membership and, 124; Hitler psychohistory and, 31; in Hungary, 153-4; ideas for, before Hitler’s rise to power, 67; ideology as motive for, 95-8; and immigration of Jews, 155-6; indivdual responsibility in, 148-9; intellectual community’s nationalism and, 106-7; intensified extermination near end of war, 85, 149-50; international passivity in, 155-8; Jewish cooperation in, 158-60; Jewish councils in, 155, 159-60; killing methods in, 9, 136-7, 141-2; Kristallnacht, 117; leadership in, 23-4; Lebensraum aspect of, 55, 95; media selective reporting in U.S. of, 271; mistreatment of Jews before, 117-21; moral equilibration in, 147-9; motivation for, 23; national goals and, 104-8; in Netherlands, 161; Nietzsche’s ideas and, 111-13; Nuremberg laws and, 118, 163; origins of, 28-32, 232-6; vs. other genocides, 6-7; overview of, 9-10; paramilitary organizations and, 114-15; passivity of outside world in, 155 – 8; perpetrators in, 78, 91, see also doctors in Holocaust; SS; phases of, 9; in Poland, 154, 162; political conditions and, 32, 91-3; preconditions for, 91-5, 100-15; propaganda and, 82-3, 87, 103-4, 118, 120, 157; property confiscation in, 131; Prussian militaristic influences on, 106, 108-9; racial purity and, 95-8, 121-3, 129; rationality vs. romanticism and, 113; reality denial in, 29, 88, 162-3; rescuers of Jews in, 4, 71, 77, 80-1; resistance activity in, 4, 71, 77, 80-1, 87-8, 125, 140, 152-5, 158, 161-2; responsibility in, 148-9; self-concept and, 104-8; self-esteem and, 104-8; societal tilt in, 118-19; SS role in, see SS; totalitarianism and, 125-7; Treaty of Versailles role in, 91-4; vs. Turkish genocide, 176-7; United States passivity in, 156; victim role in, 31-2; War Refugee Board and, 156, 168; Warsaw ghetto and, 139, 162; World War I relationship to, 30, 47, 113-14; youth groups and, 114-15
hospitals, killing in, in Holocaust, 9
hostility: in authoritarian family, 110-11; escalation of, 250; leadership influence on, 257; motivating aggression, 39; perception of, 264; social change produced by, 64; targets for, 16, see also scapegoating; unconscious, 25
Hou Youn, 189, 203-4, 207
Huguenots, heroic rescue by, 165-6
human nature, assumptions about, 26-8; group behavior and, 262-3
human sacrifice, power of, 149
humanism, secular, attack on, 61-2
Hungary: anti-Semitism in, 153; Jews from, killing of, 143, 149, 150, 153-4; Wallenberg’s rescue work in, 81, 140, 166-7, 168-9
Hutterites on equality, 56
“I-we” concept in group, 238
ideals in social change, 261, 282
ideology (see also Nazi ideology), 234-5; of antagonism, 250-1; of Argentine military, 214-17; better-world, 251; in Cambodian autogenocide, 193-5; as coping mechanism, 50; definition of, 50; fanatic, see fanaticism; as Holocaust motive, 94-8; as hope in difficult times, 41; of Khmer Rouge, 192, 194-5, 201-4; of national security, 254-5; Pan-Turkism, 174; shaping in difficult times, 17; in victim selection, 86; of Young Turks, 181-2
Ieng Sary, 207-8
image of enemy concept, 254n
immigration: of Jews, 155-6, 159, 161; of Muslims into Turkey, 174
incest, 245
India-Pakistan wars, 49, 250
Indians, American, killing of, 85
individualism: advantages and disadvantages of, 268-70; vs. connection to group, 266, 268-70: economic, 268; expressive, 268; genocide potential and, 241
industrialization, Holocaust origin and, 32
infant-caretaker relationships: in Germany, 111; and good and evil, 26-7; ingroup-outgroup differentiation and, 59
inflation, severe: in Argentina, 210-11; in Germany, 92
ingroup, anti-Semitism as cement for, 95
ingroup-outgroup differentiation (see also “us-them” differentiation), 58-62
injustice, aggression and, 40, 266-7
Inquisition, scapegoating in, 50
insanity, genocide as, 91
institutions: importance of, 267; international, 279; social, 65-6; societal climate created
