international institutions as connection mechanisms, 279
Iran, Islamic fundamentalism in, 14
Islam (see also Muslims): in Iran, 14, 76; in Turkey, 181-2
Italy: Jews of, 154; Nazi resistance in, 87
Ith Sarin on Khmer Rouge leadership, 205
James, William, on glorification of war, 255
Janis, Irving, on groupthink, 67
Japan, suicide rate in, vs. economic conditions, 44
Jewish councils, 31, 159-60
Jews (see also anti-Semitism; Holocaust): assimilation of, in Germany, 102, 117; attempted conversion of, 101; of Austria, 161, 164n; of Belgium, 155, 161; blood transfusions from, 76; Bolshevik conspiracy accusation of, 104; of Bulgaria, 154-5; business takeover from, 118; bystander actions against, 82; cooperation of, 158-60; definition of, in Germany, 118; of Denmark, 87; 152,154; devaluation of, 100-4; emigration of, 155-6, 159, 161; of Estonia, 161; friends of (Judenfreunde), 118; helplessness of, 164-5; of Hungary, 143, 149, 150, 153-4; as inferior race, 106; of Italy, 154; of Munich, Hitler’s intentions for, 97-8; of Netherlands, 161; occupational restrictions on, 101, 118, 120; passivity of, 160-5; persecution of, see anti-Semitism; plague blamed on, 102; of Poland, 154, 162; propaganda about, 102-3; property confiscation of, 118-19; rescuers of, 119, 140, 154-5, 165-9; as scapegoats, 49, 62, 92; in scientific community, dismissal of, 97; similarities of, to Armenians, 176-7; in Sonderkommando, 136; stereotypes attributed to, 102; of Stetten, 160-1; survival mechanisms of, 158-62; torture of, in Argentina, 222-3
John Birch Society, on South Africa, 238
Johnson, Lyndon, Gulf of Tonkin incident and, 256
Jost, Adolph, on state’s right to kill, 122
Judenfreunde, 118
Judenrat (Jewish councils), 31, 159-60
judiciary in Argentine killings, 227-8
just-war theory, 255-6
just-world thinking, 266; in Armenian genocide, 186; in Jews of Stetten, 161; psychological effect of, 17-18, 79-80
justice, social, see social justice
kaiser, abdication of, 93
Karski, Jan, on violence in Warsaw ghetto, 139
Keneally, Thomas, on Plaszow concentration camps, 138, 140, 141
Kennedy, President John F.: on Bay of Pigs decisions, 270; Peace Corps program of, 282
Khieu Samphan, 189, 204, 206-7
Khmer Rouge: aims of, 194-5; corruption 76, 201-4; guerrilla warfare of, 190-1, 201; ideology of, 17, 192, 194-5, 201-4; international enemies of, 202; killing by, 10-11, 192-3; “new people” created by, 4, 192-3, 195, 196-7; Phnom Penh occupation and evacuation by, 191-2; policies of, 197; rule of, 191-3; self-concept of, 199-200; victim selection by, 61; Vietnam hatred by, 198-9, 201-2; world view of, 194-5
kidnapping in Argentine mass killings, 11, 220-5
Kiernan, Ben, on Sihanouk government actions, 201
killing as healing, 121-2
killing methods: in Argentina, 220-5; in Turkish genocide, 184; in Cambodian autogenocide, 11, 192-3, 194; in Holocaust, 9, 136-7, 141-2
Kohlberg, Lawrence, on moral orientation and obedience, 57
Koran, on Muslim-non-Muslim relationships, 175-6
Kristallnacht, 135
Ku Klux Klan, 66, 77
Kurds in Turkish genocide, 10, 177, 182
labor camps, see concentration camps
language: euphemistic, 29, 156, 227, 282; in social change, 282
Latane, Bibb, on helpfulness, 87
Le Chambon, France, heroic resistance in, 165-6
leadership (leaders), 86, 236; accountability of, 270-1; authoritarian, power of, 19, 29-30; commitment to, 124; decision makers and, 67-8; vs. direct perpetrators, 67-8; effectiveness of, 23-4; fact manipulation by, 65; and followership, 23-4; government upheaval and, 33; increased responsibility of, 18; in Jewish councils, 159-60; and learning by doing, 82-3; personal characteristics of, 23; power of, 256-7; psychological assessment of, 67-8; psychological manipulation by, 256-7; radical, emergence of, 24; selection of, 265-6; in social change, 282; war origins and, 256-7
learning by example, 241
learning by participation (see also continuum of benevolence; continuum of destruction), 238; in destructive behavior evolution, 80-5; in Germany, 125; in schools, 277n; social change and, 276-8; vicarious, 154
Lebensraum 55, 95, 106 in, 190; early actions of, 191; fanaticism of, Lebow, Richard Ned, on Falklands war, 256
Lemkin, Raphael, on genocide definition, 7
Leninism in Khmer Rouge ideology, 202
Lepsius, Dr. Johannes: on Armenian genocide, 186; on Islamization of Turkey, 181-2
Lewin, Kurt, on progression toward goals, 85, 149-50
liberalism in Young Turk ideology, 181
Libya, attack on, 256
life conditions, difficult, see difficult life conditions
life unworthy of life concept, 121-2
Lifton, Robert Jay: on Nazi doctors, 115, 121, 141-4; on psychic numbing, 45; on SS out-of-character behavior, 146
Lin Piao, Khmer Rouge ideology and, 202
Littell, Professor, on Hitler’s appeal, 117
Lon Nol: anti-Vietnamese sentiments of, 191, 199; army officers of, extermination of, 192; peasant killing by, 189; in Sihanouk overthrow, 190
Lorenz, Konrad: on aggression, 53; on racial hygiene, 123
Lourdes miracle cures, emotional experiences in, 77
Ludendorff, Marshal, on Jewish profit from war, 92
Luther, Martin: anti-Semitism of, 46, 102-3; on rights of state, 109
Lutherans: in Hungary, 153; as Nazi supporters, 46
lynching in South, economic conditions and, 44, 102n
McCarthy, Justin, on Van uprising, 180
Mack, John, on group relationships, 253
McNamara, Secretary Robert, on Argentine internal security, 229-30
malignant social process, 250
Malvinas (Falklands) war, 231, 256
Mao Tse-tung, Khmer Rouge ideology and, 202
marginality in rescuers, 167
Marxism in Khmer Rouge ideology, 202
Maslow, Abraham: on cultural differences, 51; human need hierarchy of, 264-5; on self-actualization, 268-9
mass killings: in Argentina, see Argentine disappearances/mass killings; definition of, 8; justification of, 11-12; origins of, see genocide origins
mass meetings, 77, 124
mass movements, 237
Massachusetts, University of, group projects at, 275
massacre: guilt-free, psychological conditions for, 61; in wars, 3, 44-5
Massera, Admiral, 226
master race concept, 94-5, 97
media: self-censorship of, 271-3; in social change, 282
medical experimentation in Holocaust, 83, 145
Mein Kampf, 64, 94, 97, 257
Meinecke, Friedrich, on Nazi ideology, 95-6
mentally ill/retarded: defense of, 87; euthanasia of, 121-2; extermination of, 9
mercy killing, see euthanasia
Merkl, Peter, on anti-Semitism, 104, 131-2n
Michelet, Jules, on German obedience, 109
Milgram, Stanley: on aggression, 43; on conforming to group values, 51; on obedience to authority, 29, 63, 75-6
military and military groups (Argentina): as defenders of Catholicism, 215; educational policies of, 216; evolution of, 218-19; German inflence on, 219-20; ideology of, 214-17; killing/torture committed by, 220-5; motivations of, 225; as Nazi sympathizers, 214; Per6n ouster by, 211; as perpetrators, 78; in postwar era, 211-12; psychology of, 216, 225-7; role of, 212-13; self-concept of, 214-17; torture enjoyment by, 225; training of, 214-15, 219-20; victim selection by, 223-5; world view of, 215
Miller, Alice: on obedience to authority, 29-30, 110; on punishment of German children, 74
minimalism in international relations, 258-9
Missakian, J., on Van uprising, 179-80
monolithic society, 235; change effects on, 14-15; cultural characteristics of, 62-3; as predisposing factor in genocide, 19; in Turkey, 176; war potential of, 256
Montoneros in Argentina, 218
Moore, John, on Prussian militarism, 108-9
moral equilibration in harmdoing, 147-9
moral exclusion,
