Moral Majority: censorship efforts of, 271; secular humanism attacked by, 61-2
Moral Man and Immoral Society (Niebuhr), 262-3
moral orientation, 56-8; of perpetrators, 71, 147-8; person-centered, prosocial, 56-7; rule-centered, 56-7
moral rule orientation, 38
morality and moral values: choices of, 147; conflicts in, 147-8; constraints on, in group dynamics, 28; dichotomy in, 113; equilibration in, 147-8; in Germany, 145; of group vs. individual, 262-3; individual responsibility for, 148-9; of individual vs. group, 262-3; learning of, through action, 80; reversal of, 18, 83-4, 122, 147-8
Morgenthau, Hans, on national interest, 257-8
Morgenthau, Henry, on Turkish genocide, 10, 183
Moscovici, Serge: and group potential for social change, 261; and influence of Nazi propaganda, 157
Mother Teresa, 77
Mothers of the Plaza del Mayo, 228-9
motives or motivation (see also goals; needs; personal goal theory): biological needs as, 36-7; in difficult life conditions, 15-16, see also needs; hierarchy of, 22-3, 37-8, 145; of human behavior, sources of, 36-43; of Jewish council members, 159; national, 108, 251-2; of perpetrators, 145, 224-7, 237-8; of rescuers of Jews, 166-7; social standards as, 37; unconscious, 37, 63-4, 147; for war, 249-50
Moynihan, Daniel Patrick, on social structure, 278
Múndurucu headhunters, cultural system of, 24, 52-3, 148
Munich, Jews of, 97-8
Muslims (see also Islam): Hindu conflicts with, 250; immigration of, into Turkey, 174; supremacy of, in Young Turk ideology, 181
My Lai massacre, 44-5, 84, 273
Naim-Andonian documents, 183-4
Napoleon I, and war against Russia, 49
national goals, 251-2; essential vs. desirable, 258; of Germans, 104-8
national identity, 251-2
national interest, 257-8
national security, ideology of, 254-5
national self-concept, 54-5
National Socialism, see Nazis and Nazism
nationalism: as cultural goal, 56; destructive potential of, 253-4; importance of, 252-3; intellectual support for, 106-7; as Khmer Rouge tenet, 195; origin of, 19; in Turkey, 181, 183
Nazis and Nazism: accomplishments of, 116-17; aggression idealization in, 54; anti-Semitism of, 104; Argentine military sympathy with, 214, 220; collective retribution by, 164; election of (1932), 93-4; emigration of Jews threatened by, 155-6; fanaticism of, 76-7; German belief in cultural superiority and, 105-6; group commitment in, 124; Holocaust and, see Holocaust; Hungarian (Arrow Cross), 154; ideology of, see Nazi ideology; Jewish councils’ used by, 159-60; “legal” persecution by, 151; mass meetings of, 77, 124; Nietzsche’s influence on, 111-13; opposition to policies of, 152; in other European countries, 152-5; outside Germany, participation of, 85; propaganda of, see propaganda; proselytizing by, 124; resistance to, 87-8, 125; SS in, see SS; support of, 46; totalitarianism in, 125-7; university professors’ support of, 107
Nazi ideology, 94-8, 103-4; appeal of, to youth, 114; doctors adopting, 145; evolution of, 121-3; genetic inferiority in, 121; Nietzsche’s influence on, 111 –13
needs (see also motives): basic, 264-5; biological, 36-7; for comprehension, 15; for connection, 15-16, 270, 273; for control, 264-5; hierarchy of, 264-5; for power, 264; psychological, 15-17, 39; for security, 264-5; for self-defense, 15-16; for spirituality, 265; for transcendence, 265
negative reciprocity, 250
Netherlands, The, Jews of, 161
“new people” in Cambodian autogenocide, 4, 192-3, 195, 196-7
Nicaraguan Contras, selective reporting about, 273
Niebuhr, Reinhold: on group morality, 27; on individual vs. group morality, 262-3
Nietzsche, Friedrich, influence of, on Nazi ideology, 111-13
Night (Wiesel), 45-6
1984 (Orwell): on complicity evolution, 83; on torture, 138
Nixon, President Richard, China trip of, 257
nonaggression, creation/evolution of, 274-83
Norodom Sihanouk, Prince: image of Cambodia propagated by, 188; overthrow of, 191, 199, 204; peasant killing by, 189; policies of, 189-90, 207-8; on treatment of captured communists, 201
North, Oliver, 270n
nuclear war/weapons: media selective reporting of, 271-2; misconceptions about, 255
Nunca Mas, on Argentine disappearances/killings, 211, 220-3, 225, 227-8
Nuremberg laws, 118, 163
Nuremberg trials: concentration camp worker attitudes revealed in, 84; defendant mental health and, 91; personality studies at, 67
obedience (see also authoritarianism): in authoritarian individuals, 73-4; as cultural value, 63; in German culture, 108-11; in German family, 109-11; vs. individual responsibility, 148; vs. joining leaders, 29; moral orientation and, 57; as predisposing factor in genocide, 19, 29-30; as source of aggression, 43; in torturers, 244-5
Oliner, Samuel and Pearl, on rescuers, 167
opposition to genocide (see also resistance), 18; in Argentina, 228-9; from bystanders, 20-2; changes in, with resocialization, 25; destruction of opponents in, 151; governmental stifling of, 65; Nazi doubts raised by, 87-8
Orwell, George: and complicity evolution, 83; on shared humanity, 281; on torture, 138
Osborne, M. E., on Cambodian-Vietnamese conflict, 198-9
Ottoman Empire, see Turkish genocide of Armenians; Turkey
outgroup-ingroup differentiation, 58-62
Pakistan-India wars, 49, 250
Palestine blockade, 156
parenting, see family
passivity of bystanders, 18, 82, 87, 157-8; in Germany, 151-2; international, 155-8; in Nazi Europe, 152-5
passivity of victims in Holocaust, 31-2, 160-5
patriotism, 263
Peace Corps, 282
peasants, Cambodian: communist influence on, 205-6; as followers, 204; hardships of, 188-9, 191; history of, 196-7; U.S. bombing effects on, 204-5; violence among, 200-1
Peck, Scott: on compartmentalization in Pentagon, 29; on My Lai massacre, 44-5, 84; on self-selection of police, 69-70
peer influence, 51
Pentagon, compartmentalization of functions in, 29
Perón, Isabel, 211, 219
Perón, Juan, 210-11, 212; policies of, 213; torture used by, 217
perpetrators: aggressive behavior in, 71; antisocial value orientation of, 71; authority orientation of, 68, 73-5; behavioral shifts in, 145-7; bystander opposition and, 20-2; in Cambodian autogenocide, see Khmer Rouge; changing of, by social conditions, 68; characteristics of, 144-5; circumstance effects on, 75-6; compartmentalization in, 83; in continuum of destruction, 18; decision makers vs. direct, 67-8; destructive effects on, 12; development of, from bystanders, 18; family relationships of, 30-1, 72-5; fanatic, 76-7; group behavior of, 77-8; groupthink effects on, 67; hierarchical preferences of, 144-5; incapacity for empathy in, 68-9, 70, 71; individual responsibility of, 78; just-world thinking in, 79-80; killing valued by, 83; leaders in, see leadership; and learning by doing, 80-5; military groups as, 78; morality of, 70, 83-4, 145; motivation of, 85-6, 145, 237-8; in Nazi Europe, 152-5; normalization of harmful behavior in, 81–2 , 84-5; opposition to, 79; personality of, 68, 69-75, 144-7; posttraumatic stress disorder in, 47; potentially antisocial, 68, 71, 72-3; preparation of, 119; previous roles of, 69; psychology of, 216-17, 225-7, 237-8; punishment of, 225; reality denial in, 29; responsibility relinquishment in, 83-4; selection of, 18; self-awareness, lack in, 71-2; self-concept of, 70; self-selection of, 69-70; SS as, see SS; subcultures of, 78; of torture, 40, 226-7, 244-5; training of, 78; unconscious hostility in, 25; verbal reinforcement of, 81; victims’ behavior and, 32; world view of, 70
personal goal theory
