fanaticism, 235; genocide resulting from, 76; for good purposes, 77, 169, 229; of Hitler, 31, 76, 98; irrational behavior in, 76; of Khmer Rouge, 201-4; origins of, 76-7; perpetrators and, 76-7; vs. self-preservation, 28
fascism (see also military and military groups [Argentina]; Nazis and Nazism), mass psychology of, 114
fear in bystanders, 239
Fein, Helen: on Jewish segregation, 160; on prewar anti-Semitism, 153; on resistance to Nazis, 87; on resistance to oppression, 158
Final Solution (see also Holocaust): creation of, 9; as euphemism, 29
followership, 23-4, 236; in Cambodia, 204-6; Hitler’s appeal and, 31; and leadership, 23-4; role in genocide of, 23, 236
foreign policy, minimalism in, 258-9
France: anti-Semitism in, 20; Cambodia under, 197, 199; resistance in, 165-6; revolution of, scapegoating after, 50; Ruhr occupation by, 92
freedom, information flow and, 271-3
Freikorps, 115
Freud, Sigmund: on aggression, 53; on anatomy as destiny, 278; on defense mechanisms, 162-3; on mysteries of unfamiliar, 103; on roots of evil, 26
Fromm, Erich: on group identity, 42; on Hitler’s appeal, 109; on submission to authority, 29-30; on “sleeper” concept, 133
frustration: aggression and, 35-6, 41-2, 55; anger displacement in, 63-4; in benevolent society, 265; as positive challenge, 265
frustration-aggression hypothesis, 38-9
fundamentalism (Christian), humanism attacked by, 61-2
fundamentalism (Islamic) in Iran, 14
gas chambers, 9, 136-7, 141-2; and bombing proposal, 156-7
genetic views in German extermination program, 9, 121
genetic predisposition: to aggression, 24, 35, 52-3; to altruism, 24; to ingroup-outgroup differentiation, 59
genocide: in Argentina, see Argentine disappearances/mass killings; in Armenia, see Turkish genocide of Armenians; in Biafra, 86; in Burundi, 86; in Cambodia, see Cambodian autogenocide; definition of, 7-8; differences in, 6-7; in Germany, see Holocaust; government role in, 24-5; as insanity, 91; justification of, 11-12; opposition to, see opposition to genocide; perpetrators of, see perpetrators; of political groups, 8; prediction of, 241-4; self-destructive nature of, 12; vs. war, 4
Genocide Convention, 7-8
genocide origins: anti-Semitism and, see anti-Semitism; authoritarianism and, 29-30; bystander role in, see bystanders; central factors in, 240-1; compartmentalization of functions and, 28-9; coping mechanisms and, 16-17; cultural characteristics and, see cultural characteristics; destruction continuum and, see continuum of destruction; difficult life conditions in, see difficult life conditions; economic conditions and, 32; euphemistic language and, 28-9; evil and, 25-8; family role in, 30-1; followership and, 23-4, 236; governmental discontinuity in, 32-3; group psychology in, 237-8; Hitler’s psychopathology and, 31; individual’s role in, 24-5; leadership and, see leadership; motivation in, 22-3; obedience and, 29-30; perceived threats to nation and, 23; perpetrator psychology in, 237-8; personal goal theory of, 22-3, 28-33; psychological needs and, 15-17; social goal theory and, 28-33; societal characteristics and, 18-20; state role in, 33; victim role in, 31-2; World War I effects and, 30
Germany (see also Holocaust): academic community of, 106-7; anarchy in, 93; anti-Semitism in, 20, 30, 100-4, 117-21, 163; authoritarianism in, 108-11; bureaucratic traditions of, 28-9; as bystander in Armenian genocide, 185-7; bystanders in, 151-2, 165-6; child-rearing practices in, 74, 109-11; communist movement in, 93-4; cultural characteristics of, 100-15, 233; democracy absence in, 109; depression effects on, 92; deprivation feelings in, 55; economic conditions in, 92; education valued in, 129-30; euthanasia program in, 66, 70, 121-3, 125, 137; “genetically inferior” persons in, extermination of, 9; genocide in, see Holocaust; government upheaval in, 32; inflation in, 92; influence of, on Argentine military, 214, 219-20; institutions of, societal climate created by, 66; intellectual community of, 106-7; Jewish persecutions in (Middle Ages), 117; Jewishpersecutions in (pre-World War II), 82-3, 117-21; loss of war by, intensified killingduring, 85, 149-50; moral dichotomy in, 113; Napoleon’s conquest of, 106; political history of, 106; population losses in (1618-48), 106; propaganda ministry of, 66; rationality in, 113; revolution in (1918), 92; romanticism in, 105-6, 113; socialists in, 114; superiority feelings in, 105-8; territories occupied by, 152-5; Treaty of Versailles effects on, 91-3; violent ideology in, 17; World War I effects on, 44, 47-8, 91-3, 113-15; Young Turks alliance with, 174; youth of, World War I effects on, 30, 113-15
Gestapo, 135
Gilligan, Carol, on moral orientation, male vs. female, 57
Girard, P., on early Christian dogma, 101
goals (see also motives; personal goal theory): cultural, 56; group, 238; hierarchy of, 144-5; internal, 56; international, 56; long-term vs. short-term, 261; modification of, in frustration, 265; national, 251-2, 258; progression toward, 85, 149-50; shared, 274-5; short-term vs. long-term, 261; superordinate, 274-6, 279
Goebbels, Joseph: on master race, 97; on Tightness of Nazi policy, 158
Goeth, Amos (Plaszow commandant), 138-9
Gorbachev, Mikhail, Soviet-U.S. relations and, 257
government: cultural characteristics of, 65; genocide organization by, 24-5; upheaval of, as genocide predisposing factor, 32-3
Great Britain: as bystander in the Holocaust, 156; as bystander in Turkish genocide, 184-5; Palestine blockade by, 156; Turkish alliance of, 174
Greece, torturers in, 70, 82
group(s): adversity faced by, 267; altruism subverted by, 263; belonging to, 253; commitment to, 124; connection values in, 265; connections between, 278-9; critical loyalty to, 266; deindividualization in, 50; difficult life conditions and, 15-16, 41-2, 266-7; emotional expression in, 77-8; empathic joining in, 238; enablement promoted by, 267-8; evil potential of, 27-8; frustration in, 265; goals in, 238; human nature effects on, 262-3; human needs and, 264-5; human potential fulfillment in, 265; identification rituals in, 60, 82; individual identity diminished in, 77-8; individual relations with, 266; vs. individualism, 268-70; interaction among, 274-6; leadership of, see leadership; membership in, as coping mechanism, 49-50; minimum mass in, 278; moral orientation in, 28, 56-8; morality of, vs. individual morality, 262-3; patriotism and, 263; perpetrator psychology and, 77-8; psychology of, 16-17, 237-8; rescuers affected by, 167; satisfaction in, 78; security needs of, 265; selection for power in, 262; self-actualization and, 268-9; self-concept of, 253-4; self given up to, 17; self-interest of, 262-3; self-sacrifice in, 28; social change produced by, 261-2; social justice and, 266-8; SS identity molded by, 130; support within, 269-70; thinking patterns in, 67, 78, 124, 257; threats against, 264; trust in, 265; violent potential of, 18-19, 26
“groupthink,” 67, 77-8, 124, 257
Grueber, Pastor Heinrich, as rescuer of Jews, 125
guards, behavior and attitudes of, 40, 68-9, 76
Guatemala, social change opposition in, 86
Gulf of Tonkin incident, 65, 256
Gypsies in
