conservatives, reaction of, to societal changes, 46-7
Constantinople massacres, 10, 178
continuum of antagonism, 250
continuum of benevolence, 167-9; social change and, 276-8
continuum of destruction (see also learning by participation), 17-18, 238-9; in Argentine mass killings, 217-20, 226;bystander role in, 82, 86-8, 119; in Cambodian autogenocide, 208; compartmentalization and, 83-4; conversion in, 134n; difficulty of stopping, 85; extraneous motives in, 84; extreme destructiveness role in, 80-5; fanaticism in, 77; “foot in the door” phenomenon in, 80; group role in, 28, 124; heroic resistance effects on, 18; in Holocaust, 116-27; in Hungary, 154; individual responsibility in, 148; just-world thinking and, 79-80; leadership role in, 85-6; learning by doing and, 80-5; monolithic societies and, 19; moral choices in, 147-8; motivation role in, 23; opposition/resistance in, 65, 125; passivity of victims and, 31-2; pluralistic societies and, 19; in Turkish genocide, 176-7
continuum of victimization, 165
Contras, Nicaraguan, selective reporting about, 273
control of environment, need for, 264-5
conversion in continuum of destruction, 134n
cooperation of Jews, 158-60
coping mechanisms (see also devaluation). 16-17, 48-50
Coughlin, Father, anti-Semitic radio programs of, 157
Craig, Gordon: on German culture, 105; on German obedience, 108; on Hitler’s accomplishments, 116-7
Crawley, Edwardo, on Argentine military, 216-17
crematoria in concentration camps, 143
crosscutting relations, 274-6, 278-9
crystal night, 135
Cuba: blockade of, 214, 218; invasion of, decision making in, 270
cultural characteristics, 234-6; aggression and, see aggression; in Argentine mass killings, 212-17; of Aryans, 94-5, 97; authoritarianism and, see authoritarianism; in Cambodian autogenocide, 195-201; deep structure of, 104; effects of, 14, 18-20, 24-5, 51-2; in Germany, 100-15; importance of, 240-1; in ingroup-outgroup differentiation, 58-62; modification of, 51; in monolithic society, 62-3; moral orientation and, 56-8; national self-concept and, 54-5; in pluralistic society, 62-3; summary of, in genocide origin, 234-6; in Turkey, 175-6; unconscious motivation and, 63-4; variation in, 51-2; war and, 250-7
cultural devaluation, see devaluation
cultural tilt, see societal tilt
culture (see also cultural characteristics), 18-19, 51-65
Darley, John, on helpfulness, 87
decision making: vs. direct perpetration, 67-8, 225-6; leadership accountability and, 270-1; and learning by doing, 82-3
decolonialization, killings after, 86
defense, psychological, 3, 15, 162-3
Dekmejian, R.H., on discontinuity with past, 32
DeMause, Lloyd, on punishment of children, 74
denial of reality: by bystanders, 88; in Holocaust, 29, 162-3; during threat, 163; by victims, 31, 162-3
Denmark: Jews’ escape from, 152; Nazi reaction to resistance in, 87
depression (economic), anti-Semitism intensified by, 157
deprivation feelings, cultural self-concept and, 55
derogatory labels for outgroup, 61
destruction, continuum of, see continuum of destruction
Deutsch, Morton: on crosscutting relations, 274; on malignant social process, 250
devaluation (see also just-world thinking), 234; absence of, in established innocence, 79; in Argentina, 222; blame assignment in, 61-2; as central factor, 240; as coping mechanism, 48-9; in Hindu-Muslim conflict, 250; humanity diminished in, 62; ingroup-outgroup differentiation and, 58-62; of Jews, 100-4; justification for, 82; moral exclusion and, 71; of poor people, 56; as protection of identity, 60; psychological basis for, 19; recognition of, 281; societal differences in, 61; as source of evil, 26; in Turkey, 175-6; in United States, 242; victim definition by, 61
Dicks, Henry, on SS family backgrounds, 132
difficult life conditions (see also war) 13-14, 35-50, 232, 234; aggressive response to, 35-6, 38-44; in Argentina, 210-12; in Cambodian autogenocide, 44, 188-91, 204-5; combat experience as, 47-8; constructive action in, 16-17,50; coping strategies for, 16-17, 48-50; cultural characteristics and, 18-20; danger as, 44-7; degree of difficulty and effects of, 14; effects of, 13-14; examples of, 35-6; failure perceived in, 42; frustration in, 35-6, 38-44, 55; group disparities in, 267; group dynamics in, 16, 41-2; harmful behavior in, 72; hedonic balancing in, 38; hostility in, 16; institutions to deal with, 267; motivation changes in, 38; motivation combined with, 23; nationalism during, 19; positive reactions to, 50; in post-World War I Germany, 92-3; preceding genocide, 44; psychological needs arising from, 15-16; radical leadership in, 24; reality perceptions and, 15; regression to childish state in, 45; self-concept effects of, 15-16; self-protective motives arising from, 15; societal characteristics and, 18-20; stress as, 44-7; in Turkey, 173-5; in United States, 243
disappearance, see Argentine disappearances/mass killings
discontinuity, social turmoil caused by, 32-3
discrimination in ingroup-outgroup differentiation, 66
doctors in Holocaust: as Burschenschaft members, 115; compartmentalization of values in, 83; in concentration camps, 141-4; doubling by, 143-4; in euthanasia program, 70, 121-3, 142; initial shock of, 142; motivations of, 145; obedience of, 122-3; rationalization by, 143; reassignment of, to Russian front, 145
doubling in SS doctors, 143-4
Dreyfus affair, 20
Dyson, Freeman, on nuclear war, 255
economic conditions: aggression and, 44; Argentine mass killings and, 210-11; before Cambodian genocide, 188-9; effects of, 13-14; in Holocaust origin, 32, 92-3
education: Argentine military control of, 216; about child rearing, 280; as enablement, 268; for helpfulness, 277n; level of, vs. destructiveness, 136n; positive socialization in, 280-1
Eichmann, Adolph: cooperation with, 154; on lack of opposition to exterminations, 65; late war activities of, 149-50; as mediocrity, 126; moral conflict in, 147; progressively destructive behavior of, 82; Wallenberg dealings with, 169
Einsatzgruppen: activities of, 9, 135-6; as euphemism for extermination squads, 29
Einstein, Albert, on united Europe, 107
El Salvador, social change opposition in, 86
emigration of Jews, 155-6, 159, 161
empathic joining in groups, 238
empathy: distress caused by, 80; factors affecting, 119-20; lack of, in perpetrators, 68, 71
enablement for social justice, 267-8
enemy, image of, 254n
Enver Bey on Young Turk ideology, 181
Epstein, Seymour, on self-concept loss, 41
equality of opportunity as cultural value, 55-6
Erikson, Erik, on Hitler’s image to German youth, 30
Estonia, Jews of, 161
Etcheson, Craig, on Khmer Rouge ideology, 202
Ethiopia, starvation aid in, 4
ethnocentrism, 54-5; in Germany, 107-8; sources of, 59; in United States, 252
Etzioni, Amitai, on prisoner group support, 269
eugenics, 121
euphemistic language: in Argentine killings, 227; in Holocaust, 29, 156; social change and, 282
euthanasia, 121-3, 137; as extermination technique, 66; killing methods in, 122; opposition to, 125; perpetrators selected for, 70
Evian Conference (1938), 155
evil: banality of, 126; concept of, 25-7; in group dynamics, 27-8; inconsistant attitudes in, 27; perpetrators of, see perpetrators; potential for, in group violence, 26; vs. self-defense, 26; sources of, 26-7; terrorism as, 26
evolution (see also continuum entries; learning by participation); of caring, 274-83; of fanaticism, 77; of nonaggression, 274-83
expansionism vs. minimalism, 258-9
extermination camps, see concentration camps
Falkland Islands war, 231, 256
family: authoritarianism in, 72-5, 109-11, 132; divisions in, in continuum of destruction, 125; enablement of,
