authoritarianism (see also obedience): aggression displacement in, 63-4; as aggression source, 43; authority orientation vs., 75; in Cambodian autogenocide, 197-8; cultural attitudes toward, 63; doctors’ submission to, 122-3; facts created by, 65; in family, 51, 72-5; in Germany, 23-4, 108-11; mistreatment and, 66; in perpetrator organizations, 78; personality characteristics in, 73-5; as predisposing factor in genocide, 19, 29-30; in schools, 280-1; self-responsibility problems and, 29-30; in SS, 132-3; in Turkey, 176; in United States, 242
authority orientation, see authoritarianism
autogenocide in Cambodia, see Cambodian autogenocide
Barnet, Richard, on ideology of national security, 254-5
battlefield experiences, psychological effects of, 30, 47-8
Bay of Pigs, decision making in, 270
Becker, Ernest: on power and aggression, 40-1; on power of human sacrifice, 149
Belgium, Jews of, 155, 161
Bellah, Robert, on individualism, 268
belonging to group, importance of, 253
Belzec camp, guard attitude in, 84
benevolence, continuum of, 167-9, 276-8
Berlin, Isaiah, on national identity, 252
Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute, 119, 122
Bettelheim, Bruno: on “Heil Hitler” greeting, 82; on Jewish resistance, 160; on totalitarianism, 126
better-world thinking as source of antagonism, 251
Biafra, killings in, 86
Binding, Karl, on euthanasia, 122
biological needs as motivation, 36-7
Bismarck, Otto, unification under, Holocaust origin and, 32
blacks (see also civil rights movement) as scapegoats, 49
Bolshevism: aggression idealization in, 54; Jews accused of conspiracy with, 104
bombing of Cambodia, 190, 204-5
bonding: in concentration camps, 162; infant-caretaker, 26-7, 59, 111
brainwashing, group support in, 269
Bronfenbrenner, Uri, on mutual devaluation of societies, 278
brownshirts, see SA
Buchenwald, death and survival attitudes in, 45-6
Bulgaria: anti-Semitism in, 154-5; Jews of, 154-5; Nazi resistance in, 87; Turkish massacres in, 184-5
bureaucratization, see compartmentalization of function
Burschenschaften, 115
Burundi, killings in, 86
bystanders: acceptance of situation by, 124; in Argentine killings, 227-30; in Turkish genocide, 184-7; behavior of, 86-8; in Cambodian autogenocide, 208-9; definition of, 20; in Germany, 151-2, 164; helpfulness of, 87; heroic, as rescuers of Jews, 119, 140, 154-5, 165-9; in Holocaust, 119; increasing participation of, 82; international, 155-8; intervention by, 241n; in Nazi Europe, 152-5; obligations of, 239-40; opposition from, 20-2, 87; passivity of, 18, 82, 87, 151-8; perpetrators developed from, 18; power or influence of, 86-8, 152; in practice of minimalism, 259; reality perceptions of, 65; 87; as semiactive perpetrators in Germany, 82, 152; as victims, 87
Cambodian autogenocide (see also Khmer Rouge): Angkor empire and, 196-8, 199-200; authority orientation and, 197-8; bystander roles in, 208-9; casualties in, 7, 11, 193; city evacuation in, 191-3; civil war preceding, 47; class divisions and, 198-9; continuum of destruction in, 208; cultural characteristics in, 195-201, 233; difficult life conditions preceding, 44, 188-91, 204; disparate suffering in, 267; fanaticism sources in, 201-4; followers gained in, 204-6; government upheaval in, 33; historical conditions preceding, 188-91; ideology of, 17, 194-5, 198-9, 201-4; individuals’ roles in, 206-8; intellectual sources of, 201; killing methods in, 11, 192-3, 194; lack of bureaucracy in, 29; motivation for, 23; “new people” in, 4, 192-3, 195, 196-7; origins of, 232-6; vs. other genocides, 7; overview of, 10; peasant conditions before, 188-9; perpetrators in, 78; Pol Pot’s role in, 194-5, 196-7, 199, 203-4, 205, 206-7, political instability before, 189-91; preexisting idea for, 67; self-concept in, 199-200; Sihanouk’s role in, 188-90, 198-9, 201, 207-8; slavery and, 199; South Vietnamese invasion and, 191; tradition of violence and, 200-1; urban-rural rift and, 198-9; U.S. bombing and, 190, 204-5; victim selection in, 8, 10-11, 61, 86, 192-3, 196; Vietnam hatred and, 191, 195, 198-9, 201-2; youth groups in, 205-6
camps, see concentration camps
Canada, resistance to Jewish immigration in, 156
caring: in children, 280 creation/evolution of, 274-83; self-actualization and, 269
Carter, President Jimmy, and human rights in South America, 230
categorization as source of ethnocentrism, 59-60
Catholic church: in Argentina, 211, 215, 224; in Hungary, 153; role in anti-Semitism, 46, 60, 117
Catholics (as individuals): euthanasia opposition by, 125; as Nazi supporters, 46
censorship of media: in repressive system, 271-3; self-imposed, 271
Chamberlin, Houston, on German superiority, 106
Chandler, David, on Cambodian cultural history, 195-7, 200
change (see also continuum entries; evolution; learning by participation; social change): institutional, 219; in motivation, 38; in values, 25
Charny, Israel, on family role in genocidal attitudes, 30-1
Cheka (Soviet secret police), aggression idealization in, 54
children: Argentine military influence on, 216, 224; in Armenian genocide, 10; in concentration camps, 143; enablement of, 268; euthanasia of, 121,123; German, World War I effects on, 30; helpfulness in, 80; individualism of, 270; in Khmer Rouge, 206; political killing of, 3n; positive socialization of, 279-81; rearing of, see family; rescue of, 155, 165-6; teaching helpfulness to, 277
China: as bystander in Cambodian autogenocide, 208-9; cultural revolution in, 88; Great Leap Forward (1958-60), Khmer Rouge ideology and, 203; as Khmer Rouge enemy, 202; Nixon trip to, 257
Christians (see also Catholic church; church leaders): anti-Semitism in, 60, 101-3; and Argentine clergy persecutions, 224; behavior of, vs. Jews killed, 153; devaluation of, in Turkey, 175-6; euthanasia opposition by, 125; in Hungary, 153; as Nazi supporters, 46; Nietzsche’s views on, 112; as rescuers of Jews, 4, 71, 155; as scapegoats in early Rome, 49
church leaders: behavior of, vs. Jews killed, 153; in Belgium, 155; of Bulgaria, 154
civil rights movement, 261; origins of, 64; shared goals in, 274-5
cognitive consistency theory, 151
collective retribution in Holocaust, 164
Committee of Union and Progress, see Young Turks
Communists: in Cambodia, see Khmer Rouge; elimination of class enemies by, 86; in Germany, 93-4; in Russia, Stalinist persecutions and, 20
community, see connection; group(s)
compartmentalization of function, 18, 28-9, 83-4
concentration camps (see also Auschwitz): commandants of, 132, 138-9; compartmentalization of functions in, 83; cruelty of exterminations in, 138; death attitudes of inmates in, 45-6; doctors’ behavior in, 43, 83, 141-4; enemies taken to (1933), 135; escapes from, 162; euthanasia methods/personnel transferred to, 123; guards for, 40, 68-9, 135; inmate adaptive mechanisms in, 162; killing methods in, 9, 136-7; kindness in, 146; living conditions in, 9-10, 137; medical experimentation in, 83, 145; prisoner song in, 68; processing of victims in, 141-2; reality denial in, 163; “selection procedures” in, 9; SS behavior in, 145-6; survival mechanisms in, 162; transportation to, Jewish councils’ role in, 31; uprisings in, 162; worker attitudes in, 84
conflict mode, nations operating in, 250
connection, see also group(s): creation/ evolution of, 274-83; group membership and, 266; importance of, 253, 270; promotion of, 278-9; security needs and, 265; self-actualization and,
