19.Janis, I. (1983). Victims of groupthink. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
20.Morgenthau & Thompson. Politics among nations.
21.Hoffman, S. (1985). Realism and its discontents. New Republic, November, p. 134.
22.Stover, E., & Nightingale, E. O. (1985). The breaking of bodies and minds: Torture, psychiatric abuse and the health professions. New York: W. H. Freeman.
23.Bloch, S., & Reddeway, P. (1984). Soviet psychiatric abuse: The shadow over world psychiatry. London: Victor Gollancz.
24.Sorokin, P. A. (1971). The powers of creative, unselfish love. In A. H. Maslow (Ed.). New knowledge in human values. Chicago: Henry Regnery Co.
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25.Schopler, J. (1970). An attribution analysis of some determinants of reciprocating a benefit. In J. Macaulay & L. Berkowitz (Eds.), Altruism and helping behavior. New York: Academic Press.
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26.Mallick, S. K., & McCandless, B. R. (1966). A study of catharsis of aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4, 591-6.
Pastore, N. (1952). The role of arbitrariness in the frustration-aggression hypothesis. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 47, 728-31.
Staub, E. (1971). The learning and unlearning of aggression: The role of anxiety, empathy, efficacy and prosocial values. In J. Singer (Ed.), The control of aggression and violence: Cognitive and physiological factors. New York: Academic Press.
Chapter 17
1.Tomkins, S. S. (1965). The constructive role of violence and suffering for the individual and for his society. In S. S. Tompkins & C. E. Izard (Eds.), Affect, cognition, and personality. New York: Springer.
Dyson, F. (1984). Weapons and hope. New York: Colophon Books/Harper & Row.
2.Moscovici, S. (1973). Social influence and social change. London: Academic Press.
Moscovici, S. (1980). Toward a theory of conversion behavior. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Current issues in social psychology. New York: Academic Press.
3.Schmookler, A. B. (1984). The parable of the tribes: The problem of power in social evolution. Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press, pp. 23, 20. 286.
4.Niebuhr, R. [1932] (1960). Moral man and immoral society: A study in ethics and politics. Reprint. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, p. ix.
5.Ibid., pp. xxii-xxiii.
6.Ibid, pp. 91, 88.
7.Maslow, A. H. (1970). Motivation and personality. 2d ed. New York: Harper & Row.
8.Lefcourt, H. M. (1973). The functions of the illusion of control and freedom. American Psychologist, 28, 417-26.
9.Bellah, P. N., Madsen, R., Sullivan, W. M., Swindler, A., & Lipton, S. M. (1985). Habits of the heart: Individualism and commitment in American life. New York: Harper & Row.
10.Maslow, A. (1962). Toward a psychology of being. Princeton: Van Nostrand.
11.Maslow, A. H. (1965). Some basic propositions of a growth and self-actualization psychology. In G. Lindzey & C. S. Hall (Eds.), Theories of personality: Primary sources and research. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
12.Harmon, J. D. (Ed.). (1982). Volunteerism in the eighties. Washington, D. C: University Press of America.
13.Packard, V. (1972). A nation of strangers. New York: David McKay, pp. 6-7.
14.Etzioni, A. (1983). An immodest agenda: Rebuilding America before the twenty-first century. New York: McGraw-Hill.
15.Kinkead, E. (1959). In every war but one. New York: Norton, pp. 165, 168.
16.Garbarino, J., & Bronfenbrenner, U. (1976). The socialization of moral judgment and behavior in cross-cultural perspective. In T. Lickona (Ed.), Moral development and behavior: Theory, research and social issues New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
17.Janis, I. (1983). Victims of groupthink. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
18.Lear, N. (1985). Goldwater is true protector of our rights. San Diego Tribune, October 29.
19.Gans, H. (1980). Deciding what’s news. New York: Vintage, p. 194.
20.Aronson, J. (1970). The press and the cold war. Boston: Beacon, p. 201.
21.Ellul, J. (1973). Propaganda: The formation of men’s attitudes. New York: Vintage.
22.Rosten, L. (1937). The Washington correspondents. New York: Harcourt & Brace.
23.Mackenzie, A. (1981). Sabotaging the dissident press. Columbia Journalism Review, March/April, pp. 57-63.
Chapter 18
1.Deutsch, M. (1973). The resolution of conflict: Constructive and destructive processes. New Haven: Yale University Press.
2.Sherif, M., Harvey, D. J., White, B. J., Hood, W. K., & Sherif, C. W. (1961). Intergroup conflict and cooperation: The Robbers’ Cave experiment. Norman: University of Oklahoma Books Exchange.
Sherif, M. (1958). Superordinate goals in the reduction of intergroup conflict. American Journal of Sociology, 63, 349-58.
3.Worchel, S. (1979). Cooperation and the reduction of intergroup conflict: Some determining factors. In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations. Monterey, Calif.: Brooks-Cole.
4.Stroebe, W., Lenkert, A., and Jonas, K. Familiarity may breed contempt: The impact of student exchange on national stereotypes and attitudes. In W. Stroebe, A. W. Kruglanski, D. Bar-Tal, & M. Hewstone (1988). The social psychology of intergroup conflict: Theory, research, and applications. New York: Springer-Verlag.
5.Cook S. W. (1970). Motives in conceptual analysis of attitude-related behavior. In W. J. Arnold and D. Levine (Eds.), Nebraska symposium on motivation. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
6.Ben-Ari, R., & Amir, Y. (1988). Intergroup contact, cultural information and change in ethnic attitudes. In Stroebe et al., Social psychology of intergroup conflict.
7.Crosby, T. L. (1986). The impact of civilian evacuation in the Second World War. London: Croom Helm.
8.Boyer, E. (1983). High school: A report on secondary education in America. New York: Harper & Row, p. 213.
9.Harmon, J. D. (Ed.). (1982). Volunteerism in the eighties. Washington, D.C.: University Press of America.
10.Titmus, R. (1971). The gift relationship: From human blood to social policy. New York: Pantheon Books.
11.Heber, R. F., & Heber, M. E. (1957). The effect of group failure and success on social status. Journal of Educational Psychology, 48, 129-34.
Staub, E. (1979). Positive social behavior and morality. Vol. 2, Socialization and development. New York: Academic Press.
12.Gross, A. E., Wallston, B. S., & Piliavin, I. M. (1980). The help recipient’s perspective. In D. H. Smith & J. Macauley (Eds.), Participation in social and political activities. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
13.Moynihan, D. P. (1986). Family and nation. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
14.Bronfenbrenner, U. (1960). The mirror image in Soviet-American relations: A social psychologist’s report. Journal of Social Issues, 16, 45-56.
15.For a review of research and for a theory of the origins of caring and of prosocial orientation, see:
Staub, Positive social behavior and morality, vol. 2.
Idem. (1981). Promoting positive behavior in schools, in other educational settings, and in the home. In J. P. Rushton,
