20.Taylor, F. (Trans, and Ed.). (1983). Goebbels’ diaries, 1933-1941. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons.
21.Marcus, M. R. (1987). The Holocaust in history. Hanover: University Press of New England & Brandeis University Press.
22.Fein, Accounting for genocide.
23.Ibid.
24.Arendt, H. (1963). Eichmann in Jerusalem: A report on the banality of evil. New York: Viking Press.
25.Fein, Accounting for genocide, p. 126.
26.Ibid.
27.Arendt, Eichmann in Jerusalem.
28.Fein, Accounting for genocide, p. 131.
29.Bettelheim, B. (1952). Surviving and other essays. New York: Vintage Books.
Davidowicz, War against the Jews.
Hilberg, Destruction.
30.Fein, Accounting for genocide, p. 204.
31.Fein, H. (March/April 1980). Beyond the heroic ethic. Culture and Society, pp. 51-55.
32.Kren and Rappoport, Holocaust.
33.Des Pres, T. (1976). The survivor: An anatomy of life in the death camps. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
34.Ibid.
Fein, Beyond the heroic ethic, pp. 51-55.
35.An up-to-date source is:
Schindler, J., & Freud, A. (1985). The analysis of defense: The ego and the mechanism of defense revisited. New York: International Universities Press.
See also:
Goleman, D. (1985). Vital lies, simple truths: The psychology of self deception. New York: Simon & Schuster.
36.Arendt, Eichmann in Jerusalem.
37.Fein, Accounting for genocide.
38.Bluhm, H. O. (1948). How did they survive? Mechanisms of defense in Nazi concentration camps. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 2, 32.
Bettelheim, B. (1943). Individual and mass behavior in extreme situations. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 38, 417-52.
39.Seligman, M. (1975). Helplessness: On depression, development and death. San Francisco: Freeman Press.
40.Levin, N. (1973). The Holocaust: The destruction of European Jewry, 1933-1945. New York: Shocken Books.
41.Warmbrunn, W. (1963). The Dutch under German occupation, 1940-1945. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
See also Arendt, Eichmann in Jerusalem.
42.Hallie, P. P. (1979). Lest innocent blood be shed: The story of the village of Le Chambon and how goodness happened there. New York: Harper & Row, p. 114.
43.Ibid., p. 245.
44.London, P. (1970). The rescuers: Motivational hypotheses about Christians who saved Jews from the Nazis. In J. Macaulay & L. Berkowitz (Eds.), Altruism and helping behavior. New York: Academic Press.
Fogelman, E., & Weiner, V. L. (1985). The few, the brave, the noble. Psychology Today, 19, 60-65.
Tec, N. (1986). When light pierced the darkness: Christian rescue of Jews in Nazi-occupied Poland. New York: Oxford University Press.
45.Oliner, S. B., & Oliner, P. (1988). The altruistic personality: Rescuers of Jews in Nazi Europe. New York: Free Press.
46.Staub, E. (1978). Positive social behavior and morality. Vol. 1, Social and personal influences. New York: Academic Press.
Idem. (1984). Steps toward a comprehensive theory of moral conduct: Goal orientation, social behavior, kindness and cruelty. In J. L. Gewirtz & W. M. Kurtines (Eds.), Morality, moral behavior, and moral development. New York: Wiley-Interscience.
47.London, Rescuers.
Tec, When light pierced the darkness.
48.Oliner & Oliner, Altruistic personality, p. 210.
49.Tec, When light pierced the darkness.
50.Keneally, T. (1983). Schindler’s list. New York: Penguin Books.
51.Marton, K. (1982). Wallenberg. New York: Ballentine Books.
52.Staub, E. (July 1988). The roots of altruism and heroic rescue. The World and I, pp. 398-401, 399.
53.Staub, E. (1988). The evolution of caring and nonaggressive persons and societies. In R. V. Wagner, J. deRivera, & M. Watkins (Eds.), Psychology and the promotion of peace. Journal of Social Issues, 44, 81-101.
Chapter 12
1.Issawi, C. (1980). The economic history of Turkey, 1800-1914. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
2.Karpat, K. H. (1985). The Ottoman population, 1830-1914: Demographic and social characteristics. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
3.Mears, E. G. (1924). Modern Turkey: A political-economic interpretation. New York: Macmillan, see especially Chap. 19.
4.Miller, W. (1923). The Ottoman Empire and its successors 1901-1922. Cambridge-Cambridge University Press.
Ahmad, F. (1969). The Young Turks: The Committee of Union and Progress in Turkish Politics, 1908-1914. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
5.Issawi, Economic history.
6.Mears, Modern Turkey.
7.Lewis, R. (1971). Everyday life in Ottoman Turkey. New York: G. P. Putnam & Sons.
Ramsauer, E. E., Jr. (1957) The Young Turks: Prelude to the revolution of 1908. New York: Russell & Russell.
8.Issawi, Economic history.
9. McCarthy, J. (1983). Muslims and minorities: The population of Ottoman Anatolia and the end of the empire. New York: New York University Press.
10.Toynbee, A. J. (1915). Armenian atrocities: The murder of a nation. London: Hodder & Stoughton.
Toynbee, A. J. (Ed.). (1916). The treatment of the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, 1915-1916. London: His Majesty’s Stationery Office. (The author of the material compiled by Toynbee was Viscount Bryce.)
11.Encyclopedia Britannica. (1922). Vol. 27, p. 458.
12.Greene, F. D. (1895). The Armenian crisis in Turkey: The massacre of 1894, its antecedents and significance. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons.
13.Ibid.
14.Lewis, Everyday life.
15.Ramsauer, Young Turks, pp. 119-20.
16.Ibid., pp. 42-43.
17.Ibid.
18.Krikorian, M. K. (1977). Armenians in the service of the Ottoman Empire, 1860-1908. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
19.Ibid.
20.Hartunian, A. (1968). Neither to laugh nor to weep. Boston: Beacon Press, pp. 18 & 20.
21.Miller, Ottoman Empire, p. 479.
22.Quoted in Boyajian, D. H. (1972). Armenia: The forgotten genocide. Westwood: Educational Book Crafters, p. 50.
23.For a discussion of this position and an argument against it see:
Melson, R. (1986). Provocation or nationalism: A critical inquiry into the Armenian genocide of 1915. In R. G. Hovannisian (Ed.), The Armenian genocide: A perspective. New Brunswick, N. J.: Transaction Books.
24.Miller, Ottoman Empire, pp. 428-30.
25.Sarkisian, E. K., & Sahakian, R. G. (1965). Vital issues in modern Armenian history. West Concord, Mass.: Concord Press.
26.Miller, Ottoman Empire.
27.Ramsauer, Young Turks, pp. 40-42.
28.Ibid., pp. 64-70.
29.Toynbee, Treatment of the Armenians, p. 81.
30.Trumpener, U. (1968). Germany and the Ottoman Empire, 1914-1918. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
31.Bedrossyan, M. D. (1983). The first genocide of the twentieth century: The perpetrators and the victims. Voskedar Publishing Co.
Boyajian, Armenia.
Melson, Provocation or nationalism.
32.Missakian, J. (1950). A searchlight on the Armenian question (1878-1950). Boston: Haisenik Publishing Co.
33.Gurun, K. (1985). The Armenian file: The myth of innocence exposed. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
34.McCarthy, Muslims and minorities, pp. 118-19.
Emin, A. (1930). Turkey in the World War. New Haven: Yale University Press.
35.McCarthy, Muslims and minorities, p. 119.
Allen, W. E. D., & Muratoff, P. (1953). Caucasian battlefields. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
36.Buxton, C. R. (1909). Turkey in revolution. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.
37.Miller, Ottoman Empire, p. 476.
38.Ibid., pp. 161-3.
39.Knight, E. F. (1909). The awakening of Turkey: A history of the Turkish revolution. Philadelphia: Lippincott, pp. 278-81.
40.Ahmad, Young Turks, pp. 162-3.
41.Lepsius, J. (1919). Deutschland und Armenian. Potsdam: Tempelverlag. Quoted in Boyajian, Armenia, pp. 106-7.
42.Gokalp, Z. (1968, first published in Ankara in 1920). The
