16.Potash, Argentina.
17.Weil, T. E. et al. (1974). Area handbook for Argentina. 2d ed. DA pamphlet 550-73. Prepared by Foreign Area Studies of the American University. Washington, D. C: U.S. Government Printing Office.
18.Potash, Argentina, p. 98.
19.Ibid.
20.San Martin, El poder militar.
21.Weil et al., Area handbook.
22.Caviedes, Southern Cone.
23.Ibid.
Keegan, J. (1983). World armies. 2d ed. London: Macmillan.
24.Terrorism in Argentina. (January 7, 1980). República Argentina. Poder ejecutivo nacional.
25.Crawley, E. (1984). A house divided: Argentina 1880-1980. New York: St. Martin’s Press, p. 423.
26.Terrorism in Argentina, p. 398.
27.Crawley, A house divided, p. 423.
28.Zalaquett, J. (1985). New Republic, issue 3700. Washington, D.C.
29.Nunca Mas, p. 363.
30.Cox, R. (December 8, 1983). The second death of Per6n. New York Review of Books.
31.Caviedes, Southern Cone.
32.Ibid.
33.Keegan, World armies.
34.Potash, R. A. (1977). The impact of professionalism on the twentieth century Argentine military. Program in Latin American Studies Publication. Occasional Papers no. 3. International Area Studies Programs. University of Massachusetts, Amherst, p. 15.
35.San Martin, El poder militar.
36.Caviedes, Southern Cone.
37.Nunca Mas, pp. 254-63.
38.I refer to decrees 261, 2770, and 2771. One of them appears in Terrorism in Argentina. I am grateful to Robert Potash, who showed me copies of the decrees and translated them for me.
39.Nunca Mas, pp. 386, 387.
40.Keegan, World armies.
41.Weil et al., Area handbook, pp. 320-30.
42.Nunca Mas.
43.Ibid.
44.Commission on Human Rights, Report on the situation, p. 19.
45.Gillespie, R. (1982). Soldiers of Perón: Argentina’s Montoneros. Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. 250.
46.Sabato, E. (1986). Prologue. In Nunca Mas, p. 4.
47.Ibid., p. 3.
48.Commission on Human Rights. Report on the situation.
Nunca Mas.
49.Nunca Mas, p. 22.
50.Ibid., p. 38.
51.Ibid., p. 42.
52.Ibid., p. 37.
53.Amnesty International Report. (1980). Testimony on secret detention camps in Argentina. London: Amnesty International Publications.
54.Ibid.
55.Nunca Mas, p. 72.
56.Ibid.
57.Commission on Human Rights, Report on the situation, especially pp. 55-57, 104-16, 199-201.
Gillespie, Soldiers of Perón, pp. 244-50.
Nunca Mas.
58.Nunca Mas, p. 21-22.
59.Ibid., p. 62.
60.Ehlstein, J. (December 1986). Reflections on political torture and murder: Visits with the Mothers of the Plaza del Mayo. Invited lecture, Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
61.Nunca Mas, p. 340.
62.Dworkin, Introduction to Nunca Mas, p. xvii.
Simpson, J., & Bennett, J. (1985). The disappeared and the Mothers of the Plaza. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
63.Sartre, J. P. (1958). Preface. In H. Alleg, The Question, an account of torture during the French-Algerian war, discussed in:
Peters, E. (1984). Torture. New York: Basil Blackwell.
64.Nunca Mas, p. 95.
65.Peters, Torture.
Staub, E. (In press). The psychology of torture and torturers. In P. Suedfeld. (Ed.) Psychology and Torture. Washington, D. C: Hemisphere Publishing Co.
66.Amnesty International Report, Testimony.
67.Nunca Mas, p. 122.
68.Ibid., see e.g., pp. 122-8.
69.Ibid., p. 60.
70.Dworkin, Introduction, p. xiii.
71.Nunca Mas, p. 197.
72.Hopkins, J. W. (Ed.). (1981-82). Latin American and Caribbean contemporary record. Vol. 1, 1981-1982. New York: Holmes & Meier.
73.Ehlstein, Reflections.
74.Ibid.
75.Nunca Mas, p. 444.
76.Ibid., p. 426.
Chapter 15
1.Time magazine, December 1986, p. 34.
2.Hoffer, E. (1951). The true believer. New York: Harper, p. 59.
3.Toch, H. (1965). The social psychology of social movements. New York: Bobbs-Merrill.
4.Staub, E. (1987). Commentary. In N. Eisenberg & J. Strayer (Eds.), Empathy and its development. New York: Cambridge University Press.
5.Plutchik, R. (1987). Evolutionary bases of empathy. In Eisenberg & Strayer, Empathy.
6.Egendorf, A. (1986). Healing from the war: Trauma and transformation after Vietnam. Boston: Shambhala.
7.Grover, G. (1961). Inside the John Birch Society. Greenwich, Conn.: Fawcett Publications, p. 143.
8.Staub, E. (1975). To rear a prosocial child: Reasoning, learning by doing and learning by teaching others. In D. DePalma and J. Folley (Eds.), Moral development: Current theory and research. Hillsdale, N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Idem. (1979). Positive social behavior and morality. Vol. 2, Socialization and development. New York: Academic Press.
Idem. (1986). A conception of the determinants and development of altruism and aggression: Motives, the self, the environment. In C. Zahn-Waxler, E. M. Cummings, & R. Iannotti, (Eds.), Altruism and aggression: Social and biological origins. New York: Cambridge University Press.
9.Staub, E., & Kellett, D. S. (1972). Increasing pain tolerance by information about aversive stimuli. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 21, 198-203.
10.Staub, E., & Baer, R. S., Jr. (1974). Stimulus characteristics of a sufferer and difficulty of escape as determinants of helping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 30, 279-85.
11.Egendorf, Healing, p. 102.
12.Bandura, A. (1973). Aggression: A social learning analysis. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall.
13.Bellah, P. N., Madsen, R., Sullivan, W. M., Swindler, A., & Lipton, S. M. (1985). Habits of the heart: Individualism and commitment in American life. New York: Harper & Row.
14.Suedfeld, P. (Ed.). (In press). Psychology and Torture. Washington D. C: Hemisphere. Publishing Co.
Peters, E. (1985). Torture. New York: Basil Blackwell.
15.Staub, E. (In press). The psychology of torture and torturers. In Suedfeld, Psychology and torture.
Chapter 16
1.White, R. K. (1984). Fearful warriors: A psychological profile of U.S. – Soviet relations. New York: Free Press.
2.Deutsch, M. (1983). The prevention of World War III: A psychological perspective. Political Psychology, 4, 3-31.
3.Stoessinger, J. G. (1982). Why nations go to war. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
4.Ibid., pp. 120-1.
5.Ibid.
6.Berlin, I. (1979). Nationalism: Past neglect and present power. Partisan Review, 45, 350.
7.Davidson, S. (1985). Group formation and its significance in the Nazi concentration camps. Israeli Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences, 22, 41-50.
8.Staub, E. (1978). Positive social behavior and morality, vol. 1, Social and personal influences. New York: Academic Press. Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1979). Infant-mother attachment. American Psychologist, 34, 932-69.
9.Mack, J. (1983). Nationalism and the self. Psychoanalytic Review, 2, 47-69.
10.Pinderhughes, C. A. (1979). Differential bonding: Toward a psychophysiological theory of stereotyping. American Journal of Psychiatry, 136, 33-37.
Idem. (1981). Paired biological, psychological and social bonding. Paper presented at the 134th Annual Meetings of the American Psychiatric Association, May 9-12.
11.Barnet, R. J. (Winter, 1985). The ideology of the national security state. Massachusetts Review.
12.Ibid., p. 490.
13.Mack, Nationalism, p. 57.
14.James, W. [1910] (1970). The moral equivalent of war. In R. A. Wasserstrom (Ed.), War and morality. Reprint. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth.
15.Dyson, F. (1984). Weapons and hope. New York: Colophon Books/Harper & Row, p. 19.
16.Morgenthau, H. J., & Thompson, K. (1984). Politics among nations: The struggle for power and peace. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
17.Walzer, M. (1977). Just and unjust war: A moral argument with historical illustrations. New York: Basic Books.
18.Lebow, R. N. (1986). Deterrence reconsidered: The challenge of recent research. In R. K. White (Ed.), Psychology
