11 Dmitri Volkogonov, Stalin: Triumph and Tragedy, pp. 401–2; Mawdsley, Thunder in the East, p. 37.
12 Hugh Trevor-Roper, ed., Hitler’s Table Talk 1941–1944, p. 24.
13 Charles Burdick and Hans-Adolf Jacobsen, eds, The Halder War Diary, 1939– 1942, p. 313.
14 Mawdsley, Thunder in the East, p. 11; Antony Beevor, Stalingrad, pp. 14–15; Mark Mazower, Hitler’s Empire: Nazi Rule in Occupied Europe, pp. 142, 147.
15 Field Marshal von Kleist, in Basil Liddell Hart, The Other Side of the Hill: Germany’s Generals, Their Rise and Fall, p. 182.
Chapter 2: Barbarossa 1 Yelena Skrjabina, Siege and Survival: The Odyssey of a Leningrader, p. 4.
2 Andrei Dzeniskevich, ed., Leningrad v osade: sbornik dokumentov, doc. 197, p. 466.
3 Richard Bidlack, ‘The Political Mood in Leningrad during the First Year of the Soviet-German War’, The Russian Review, 59, January 2000, p. 99.
4 Dzeniskevich, ed., Leningrad v osade, doc. 197, p. 466.
5 Interview with Dr Lyuba Vinogradova, Moscow 2007.
6 Andrei Dzeniskevich, ‘The Social and Political Situation in Leningrad in the First Months of the German Invasion: The Social Psychology of the Workers’, in Robert Thurston and Bernd Bonwetsch, eds, The People’s War: Responses to World War II in the Soviet Union, p. 78.
7 Lidiya Ginzburg, Chelovek za pismennym stolom, p. 579.
8 Ibid., p. 91. Notes to Pages 28–40
9 Katherine Hodgson, Voicing the Soviet Experience: The Poetry of Olga Berggolts, p. 67; Harrison Salisbury, The 900 Days: The Siege of Leningrad, pp. 121–2.
10 Leon Goure, The Siege of Leningrad, p. 59.
11 Dzeniskevich, ed., Leningrad v osade, p. 151.
12 Skrjabina, Siege and Survival, pp. 10–11 (1 July 1941).
13 O. I. Molkina, ‘Nemtsy v koltse blokady’, Istoriya Peterburga, 3, 2006, pp. 62– 4.
14 These numbers are derived from two NKVD documents. The first, in Dzeniskevich’s document collection Leningrad v osade, p. 442, of 1 October 1942, gives a total of 58,210 Finns and Germans deported to date. The second, in Nikita Lomagin’s document collection Neizvestnaya blokada, vol. 2, p. 37, of 4 April 1942, gives a total of 35,162 Finns and Germans deported during the second half of the previous month. The March 1942 deportations were mostly from towns and villages around the city.
15 Cynthia Simmons and Nina Perlina, eds, Writing the Siege of Leningrad: Women’s Diaries, Memoirs and Documentary Prose, pp. 37–9.
16 Dzeniskevich, ed., Leningrad v osade, pp. 441–2; John Barber and M. Harrison, eds, The Soviet Home Front 1941–1945, London, 1991, p. 66; Orlando Figes, The Whisperers: Private Life in Stalin’s Russia, pp. 385–6.
17 The Council of People’s Commissars only ordered mass mobilisation on 2 July (Goure, The Siege of Leningrad, p. 38).
18 Goure, The Siege of Leningrad, p. 22; Salisbury, The 900 Days, p. 168.
19 Adamovich and Granin, A Book of the Blockade, pp. 237–8.
20 Dmitri Likhachev, Reflections on the Russian Soul: A Memoir, p. 220.
21 Adamovich and Granin, A Book of the Blockade, p. 229.
22 Throughout the Stalin period, temporarily moving elsewhere was a surprisingly effective way of avoiding the local security services, who were often more concerned with filling their quotas than with exactly who they put behind bars. Lidiya Chukovskaya, friend and amanuensis of Anna Akhmatova, escaped the purges of 1937 simply by moving to Kiev to live with her parents-in-law. ‘You are like a glass which has rolled under a bench during an explosion in a china shop,’ said Akhmatova.
23 Alexander Werth, Russia at War, 1941–1945, pp. 162–7.
24 Ibid., p. 184.
25 Anna Ostroumova-Lebedeva, Avtobiograficheskiye zapiski: Leningrad v blokade, p. 250.
26 David Glantz, The Battle for Leningrad 1941–1944, pp. 30–31.
27 Eino Luukkanen, Fighter over Finland, p. 116; Salisbury, The 900 Days, p. 106.
28 RGVA: Fond 32904, op. 1, delo 81, p. 28. Notes to Pages 41–52
29 Glantz, The Battle for Leningrad, pp. 35, 37.
30 Yelena Kochina, Blockade Diary, pp. 35–6, 3 and 9 July 1941; Ginzburg, Chelovek na pismennym stolom, p. 4.
31 Antony Beevor and Lyuba Vinogradova, eds, A Writer at War: Vasily Grossman with the Red Army 1941–1945, p. 9; Goure, The Siege of Leningrad, p. 68.
32 Skrjabina, Siege and Survival, pp. 13–15.
33 Interviewed by the author, St Petersburg, September 2008.
34 RGVA: Fond 32904, op. 1, delo 79, pp. 58, 86.
35 Beevor and Vinogradova, eds, A Writer at War, p. 41.
36 RGASPI: Fond 77, op. 4, delo 48, pp. 11–20.
37 Charles Burdick and Hans-Adolf Jacobsen, eds, Franz Halder, The Halder War Diary, 1939– 1942, pp. 445–6, 3 July 1941.
38 Simon Sebag Montefiore, Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar, p. 328; Richard Overy, Russia’s War, p. 81; Salisbury, The 900 Days, p. 105.
39 TsAMO: Fond 96a, op. 1711, delo 24, pp. 24–5. Also quoted by Glantz, The Battle for Leningrad, pp. 42–3.
40 See for example the 9th Pskov NKVD Border Detachment on 3 July 1941. RGVA: Fond 32904, op. 1, delo 79, p. 88.
41 Sebag Montefiore, Stalin, p. 338; Geoffrey Jukes in Harold Shukman, ed., Stalin’s Generals, p. 129.
42 Shukman, ed., Stalin’s Generals, pp. 313, 320. General Alan Brooke, Britain’s Chief of Imperial General Staff, sat next to Voroshilov at dinner during the Moscow Conference of August 1942. He reckoned him ‘a fine hearty old soul, willing to talk about anything with great vivacity’, but with the military expertise of a ‘child’.
43 Salisbury, The 900 Days, pp. 112, 282, 322, 404. See also Evan Mawdsley, Thunder in the East: The Nazi-Soviet War 1941–1945, p. 450.
44 Burdick and Jacobsen, eds, Franz Halder, The Halder War Diary, pp. 458–9, 446–7.
Chapter 3: ‘We’re winning, but the Germans are advancing’ 1 Nikita Lomagin, Neizvestnaya blokada, vol. 2, doc. 30, p. 161; Alexander Werth, Russia at War, 1941–1945, pp. 179, 241, 399; Leon Goure, The Siege of Leningrad, pp. 68–70.
2 Lidiya Osipova, 15 July and 13 August 1941, in Lomagin, Neizvestnaya blokada, vol. 2, pp. 442–3.
3 Georgi Knyazev, in Ales Adamovich and Daniil Granin, A Book of the Blockade, p. 261; Andrei Dzeniskevich, ‘The Social and Political Situation in Leningrad in the First Months of the German Invasion: The Psychology of the Workers’, in Robert Thurston and Bernd Bonwetsch, eds, The
