Leningrad

Fond 2281, op. 1, delo 18.

33 TsGAIPD SPb: Fond 2281, op. 1, delo 18.

34 Dzeniskevich, Leningrad v osade, doc. 49, pp. 132–3.

35 Goure, The Siege of Leningrad, p. 35.

36 Alexander Werth, Leningrad, pp. 110–11.

37 TsAMO: Fond 96a, op. 2011, delo 5, pp. 133–7.

38 Frenklakh, www.iremember.ru, p. 6. Notes to Pages 89–101

39 Given in Dmitri Volkogonov, ‘Voroshilov’, in Harold Shukman, ed., Stalin’s Generals, p. 318.

Chapter 5: ‘Caught in a Mousetrap’

1 Vera Inber, Leningrad Diary, p. 10.

2 Dmitri Pavlov, Leningrad 1941: The Blockade, p. 9. This is often wrongly referred to as the ‘Enemy at the Gates’ announcement. In fact the Leningradskaya Pravda article headlined ‘The Enemy is at the Gates’ did not appear until 16 September.

3 Inber, Leningrad Diary, pp. 11, 13, 15 (24 and 26 August, 1 and 8 September 1941).

4 Ales Adamovich and Daniil Granin, A Book of the Blockade, pp. 271–2.

5 Anna Ostroumova-Lebedeva, Avtobiograficheskiye zapiski: Leningrad v blokade, pp. 252–3 (4 and 16 August).

6 Pavlov, Leningrad 1941, pp. 47–8; Ivan Andreyenko, deputy chairman of the wartime Leningrad City Soviet, quoted in Adamovich and Granin, A Book of the Blockade, p. 122.

7 Leon Goure, The Siege of Leningrad, pp. 51–2.

8 Yelena Skrjabina, Siege and Survival: The Odyssey of a Leningrader, p. 7 (June 26 1941).

9 Yelena Kochina, Blockade Diary, p. 35 (2 July 1941).

10 Klara Rakhman, unpublished manuscript, held by the diarist’s family.

11 Georgi Knyazev, 17 July 1941, in Adamovich and Granin, A Book of the Blockade, p. 246.

12 Adamovich and Granin, A Book of the Blockade, pp. 250–52.

13 Order to district Party secretaries, 11 August 1941. RGASPI: Fond 17, op. 22, delo 1644, p. 41.

14 Skrjabina, Siege and Survival, pp. 17–18 (2 August 1941).

15 Nina Malakova, in Michael Jones, Leningrad: State of Siege, p. 98. Jones interviewed survivors of the Lychkovo bombing in 2007.

16 Mariya Motovskaya, in Adamovich and Granin, A Book of the Blockade, p. 247.

17 Ibid., pp. 248–9. Dmitri Likhachev, Reflections on the Russian Soul: A Memoir, p. 218.

18 William Moskoff, The Bread of Affliction: The Food Supply in the USSR during World War II, p. 34.

19 Interviewed by the author, Vsevolozhsk, November 2006.

20 Skrjabina, Siege and Survival, p. 10.

21 Ibid., p. 24; Likhachev, Reflections on the Russian Soul, p. 227.

22 Sidney Monas and Jennifer Greene Krupala, eds, The Diaries of Nikolay Punin, 1904— 53, pp. 182–3. Notes to Pages 102–116

23 Cynthia Simmons and Nina Perlina, eds, Writing the Siege: Women’s Diaries, Memoirs and Documentary Prose, pp. 107–8.

24 Pavlov, Leningrad 1941, p. 47.

25 Aleksandr Barbovsky, 30 August 1941. RGALI: Fond 2733, op. 1, yed. khr. 872, pp. 15–16.

26 The commission’s visit is hard to date exactly. Salisbury infers from Admiral Kuznetsov’s memoirs that it set out on 27 August and arrived on the 28th. However, Stalin ordered the mission on the 21st, included Molotov among the addressees of a communication of 27 August and ordered its return on 29 August, suggesting that it arrived several days earlier.

27 RGASPI: Fond 558, op. 11, yed. khr. 492, p. 27.

28 Ibid., p. 35.

29 Ibid., p. 39.

30 Simon Sebag Montefiore, Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar, p. 627.

31 Nikita Lomagin, Neizvestnaya blokada, vol. 2, doc. 4, p. 29.

32 Lyubov Shaporina, 4 September 1941, in Simmons and Perlina, eds, Writing the Siege, p. 22.

33 Olga Berggolts, 2 September 1941; Zvezda, 3, April 1991, p. 128.

34 TsAMO: Fond 148a, op. 3763, delo 97, p. 29.

35 Skrjabina, Siege and Survival, p. 23 (23 August 1941).

36 Adamovich and Granin, A Book of the Blockade, p. 269.

Part 2. The Siege Begins: September — December 1941

Chapter 6: ‘No Sentimentality’

1 Sonia Orwell and Ian Angus, eds, The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell, vol. 2, My Country Right or Left, London, 1970, p. 460.

2 Winston Churchill, The Second World War, pp. 467–8.

3 RGASPI: Fond 558, op. 11, yed. khr. 492, p. 49.

4 The exact date of Zhukov’s arrival in Leningrad has only recently been firmly established. Though in practice he took over command immediately on arrival, the relevant Stavka order was not formally issued until 11 September.

5 The Memoirs of Marshal Zhukov, London, 1971, pp. 300, 314–16.

6 Viktor Anfilov, Zhukov, in Harold Shukman, ed., Stalin’s Generals, p. 350; David Glantz, The Battle for Leningrad 1941–1944, p. 78.

7 V. F. Chekrizov, ‘Dnevnik blokadnogo vremeni’, in Trudy Gosudarstvennogo Muzeya Istorii Sankt-Peterburga, vol. 8.

8 Anna Zelenova, Stati, vospominaniya, pisma: Pavlovsky dvorets, istoriya i sudba, pp. 83–90. See also Susan Massie, Pavlovsk: The Life of a Russian Palace, pp. 195–202. Notes to Pages 118–135

9 Lidiya Osipova, ‘Iz dnevnika o zhizni v prigorodakh Leningrada’, in Lomagin, ed, Neizvestnaya blokada, vol. 2, p. 441. The full diary is held by the Hoover Institution.

10 Valerian Bogdanov-Berezovsky, Iz dnevnikov blokanikh let (typescript), pp. 9– 10; RGALI: Fond 1817, op. 2, yed. khr. 185.

11 Konstantin Plotkin, Kholokost u sten Leningrada, pp. 33–56.

12 Glantz, The Battle for Leningrad, pp. 81–2.

13 Dmitri Pavlov, Leningrad 1941: The Blockade, p. 21.

14 G. F. Krivosheyev, ed., Rossiya i SSSR v voinakh XX veka: poteri vooruzhyonnykh sil, p. 271; Evan Mawdsley, Thunder in the East: The Nazi-Soviet War 1941– 1945, pp. 86–7.

15 Charles Burdick and Hans-Adolf Jacobsen, eds, Franz Halder, The Halder War Diary, 1939– 1942, pp. 487, 498–500 (26 July and 6, 7 August 1941).

16 Ibid., pp. 511, 514–15 (18 and 22 August 1941).

17 See Fuhrer Directive no. 35, 6 September 1941.

18 Burdick and Jacobsen, eds, Franz Halder, The Halder War Diary, 18 September 1941, p. 536.

19 Bundesarchiv/Militararchiv: RM7/1014. Given in Verbrechen der Wehrmacht: Dimensionen