Leningrad

describes seeing a group of fifteen to twenty inmates sitting in a courtyard openly eating corpse meat (Richard Bidlack, ‘Survival Strategies in Leningrad’, in Robert Thurston and Bernd Bonwetsch, eds, The People’s War: Responses to World War II in the Soviet Union, p. 107).

12 Report by the Leningrad Statistical Service, 5 May 1944, in Dzeniskevich, ed., Leningrad v osade, doc. 156, p. 349. Deaths in prison dropped slowly through the rest of 1942, before peaking again, at 815, in January 1943.

13 Petition from the Corrective-Labour Camps and Columns Directorate of the NKVD to State Defence Committee Emissary D. V. Pavlov, 31 December 1941, in Dzeniskevich, ed., Leningrad v osade, doc. 175, p. 413.

14 Ivan Zhilinsky, ‘Blokadniy dnevnik (osen 1941 — vesna 1942 g.)’, Voprosy istorii, 5–6, 1996, pp. 3–7 (16 January 1942).

Part 4. Waiting for Liberation: January 1942–January 1942

Chapter 18: Meat Wood

1 Winston Churchill, The Second World War, pp. 465, 467.

2 Hugh Trevor-Roper, ed., Hitler’s Table Talk, 1941–44, pp. 200, 220 (12–13 and 17–18 January 1941). Notes to Pages 313–321

3 Fritz Hockenjos, typescript, Bundesarchiv/Militararchiv: MSG 2/4034-4038 (5, 14, 16 January and 1 February 1942).

4 Antony Beevor and Lyuba Vinogradova, eds, A Writer at War: Vasily Grossman with the Red Army 1941–45 (September 1941); Catherine Merridale, Ivan’s War: The Red Army 1939–45, p. 167.

5 Dmitri Pavlov, Leningrad 1941, p. 88.

6 On desertion, see Nikita Lomagin, Neizvestnaya blokada, vol. 2, doc. 11, p. 40. On food theft and embezzlement among NKVD troops see orders of 1 February, 22 April and 16 July 1942. RGVA: Fond 32912, op. 1, delo 78, pp. 10, 39, 85. A report of 21 February complains that delivery drivers stop at villages en route, where they ‘behave improperly, get drunk and supply female acquaintances with food’. (RGVA: Fond 32904, op. 1, delo 80, p. 8.)

7 ‘Dnevnik krasnoarmeitsa Putyakova S. F’, in Stanislav Bernev and Sergei Chernov, eds, Arkhiv Bolshogo Doma: blokadniye dnevniki i dokumenty, p. 382 (29 December 1941).

8 NKVD report to Zhdanov, 22 December 1941, in Lomagin, Neizvestnaya blokada, vol. 2, doc. 59, p. 261.

9 Vasili Churkin, http://militera.lib.ru (20 November 1941).

10 See for example Yelena Skrjabina, Siege and Survival: The Odyssey of a Leningrader, p. 55 (18 January 1942).

11 Vasili Yershov, untitled typescript, Research Program on the USSR, Bakhmeteff Archive, Columbia University, pp. 40–41.

12 Ibid., pp. 66—7.

13 Stavka directive, 10 January 1942; David Glantz, The Battle for Leningrad 1941– 44, pp. 149—50.

14 See Harrison Salisbury, The 900 Days: The Siege of Leningrad, pp. 544—5 for Mekhlis’s long history of recommending colleagues’ arrests. In the words of an associate he was ‘a remarkably energetic and vigorous man, as decisive as he was incompetent, the master of varied but superficial knowledge and self-confident to the point of wilfulness’. Donald Rayfield calls him ‘Stalin’s least-known but most vicious scorpion’.

15 Charles Burdick and Hans-Adolf Jacobsen, eds, Franz Halder, The Halder War Diary, 1939– 1942, p. 599 (5 January 1942).

16 Hockenjos, typescript, Bundesarchiv/Militararchiv, pp. 69–70 (23 February 1942). Notes to Pages 321– 333

17 Burdick and Jacobsen, eds, Franz Halder, The Halder War Diary, p. 608 (2 March 1942).

18 Hockenjos, typescript, Bundesarchiv/Militararchiv: p. 84 (13 and 16 April 1942).

19 Glantz, The Battle for Leningrad 1941–44, pp. 202—3.

20 I. I. Kalabin, in I. A. Ivanova, ed., Tragediya Myasnogo Bora: sbornik vospominanii uchastnikov i ochevidtsev Lyubanskoi operatsii, pp. 139—40. For similar accounts see Glantz, The Battle for Leningrad 1941–44, p. 204.

21 In a letter to Zhdanov of 3 June 1942 Khozin defended himself against accusations of drunkenness and misbehaviour with two telegraph girls. The telegraph operators, he protested, joined him only to watch films, and though he took ‘100g of vodka before supper, sometimes even two or three little glasses’, he had never been drunk in his life. (RGASPI: Fond 77, op.3, delo 133.)

22 I. I. Kalabin, in Ivanovna, ed., Tragediya Myasnogo Bora, p. 142.

23 I. D. Nikonov, in ibid., p. 157.

24 For a full account of Vlasov’s career see Catherine Andreyev, ‘Andrei Andreyevich Vlasov’, in Harold Shukman, ed., Stalin’s Generals, pp. 301—11.

25 RGASPI: Fond 83, op. 1, yed. khr. 18, pp. 91—104.

26 Glantz, The Battle for Leningrad 1941–44, pp. 207—8.

27 Ilya Frenklah, www.iremember.ru

Chapter 19: The Gentle Joy of Living and Breathing

1 Alexander Werth, Russia at War, p. 399

2 Andrew Roberts, Masters and Commanders: How Roosevelt, Churchill, Marshall and Alanbrooke Won the War in the West, pp. 271, 287.

3 Ales Adamovich and Daniil Granin, A Book of the Blockade, pp. 63—4; Geraldine Norman, The Hermitage: The Biography of a Great Museum, pp. 257—8.

4 Adamovich and Granin, A Book of the Blockade, p. 89; Vera Inber, Leningrad Diary, p. 200 (25 May 1944). Fifty-two people died from eating poisonous wild plants (Andrei Dzeniskevich, ed., Leningrad v osade: sbornik dokumentov, doc. 147, p. 312).

5 Dmitri Likhachev, Reflections on the Russian Soul: A Memoir, p. 255.

6 Vasili Chekrizov, ‘Dnevnik blokadnogo vremeni’, Trudy Gosudarstvennogo Muzeya Istorii Sankt-Peterburga, vol. 8, p. 79 (19 May 1942).

7 Lidiya Ginzburg, Blockade Diary, p. 75. Notes to Pages 333–343

8 Olga Berggolts, ‘Iz dnevnikov’, Zvezda, 6, p. 154 (3 April 1942).

9 Lisa A. Kirschenbaum, The Legacy of the Siege of Leningrad, 1941–1995: Myth, Memories, and Monuments, p. 52. See also William Moskoff, The Bread of Affliction: The Food Supply in the USSR during World War II, pp. 203—4.

10 On 7 January 1942 Vera Inber attended a lecture titled ‘The Illness of Starvation’.

11 Lev Markhasev, ‘Dva Leningradskikh radio’, in G. S. Melnik and G. V. Zhirkov, eds, Radio, blokada, Leningrad, St Petersburg, 2005, p. 96; Catherine Merridale, Ivan’s War: The Red Army 1939–45, p. 165.

12 Berggolts, Zvezda, 6, p. 163 (31 May 1942).

13 Nikita Lomagin, Neizvestnaya blokada, vol. 1, pp. 227—8. Markhasev, ‘Dva Leningradskikh Radio’, p. 97.

14 Aileen Rambov, ‘The Siege of Leningrad: Wartime Literature and Ideological Change’, in Robert Thurston and Bernd Bonwetsch, eds, The People’s War: Responses to World War II in the Soviet Union, pp. 163—4.

15 Berggolts, Zvezda, 6, pp. 160, 164 (13 May and 3 June 1942).

16 Elliott Mossman, ed., The Correspondence of Boris Pasternak and Olga Freidenberg, 1910– 1954, pp. 216—21.

17 Anna Zelenova, Stati, vospominaniya, pisma: Pavlovsky dvorets, istoriya i