The World Until Yesterday

South American Indian languages, 397, 398

South American Indians, 27 fig., 56, 132, 309 table

See also specific groups

Spanish language, 164, 372, 373, 381, 401

spanking of children, 192–93, 194–95

Spiro, Melford, 327 table

starvation, 298–300, 308

See also food scarcity

state justice systems, 97–118, plate 16

advantages, 81, 114–18

attribution of fault or guilt, 96, 102–3, 109, 117

civil disputes, 99–104, 117, 118

criminal justice, 99, 108–14, 117, 118, 167

disadvantages, 104–8, 118, 167–68

goals of, 97–99, 103, 111, 117

international disputes, 101–2

mediation in, 100, 105–8, 116, 466

Papua New Guinea, 79–80, 86, 98

reconciliation and restorative justice, 88, 99, 105, 111–14, 118, 168, 466

state’s interests in, 87, 109–10, 118

state religions, 356–57

See also religion(s); specific religions

state warfare, 140–47, plate 37

alliances, 141–42

captives, 141, 159

forms of, 136, 137, 138, 145–46

military organization and technology, 140, 142–43, 144, 146–47

military training, 143, 144, 169

mortality rates, 127, 128, 139–41, plate 37

psychology of enmity and killing, 142–43, 168–70

resolution of, 147–49

trade and, 164–65

ultimate causes, 160–61

war-free states, 155–56

who is affected by, 140–41, 144, 146–47, 163–65

See also specific countries and wars

states, 7, 10–12, 17–18, 19, 353

acceptance of state authority, 98, 148

child-rearing practices, 206–7

religion in, 347–48, 356–57

violence suppression in, 97–99, 115, 148, 286, 288, 290

See also political organization; state justice systems; state warfare

Statistics of Deadly Quarrels (Richardson), 164

stories and storytelling, 285–86, 291–92

oral histories, 478–80

origin myths, 323–24, 345, 346

strangers and stranger contacts, 1–2, 49–50, 51–52, 290

group affiliation and, 50–51, 53–54

political organization and, 11, 16

religious codes and, 357–59, 367 fig., 368

terms for outsiders, 51

travel and, 37, 49–50, 54–55, 271–72

violence and, 4, 50, 271–72, 290

in WEIRD societies, 1–2, 53

See also group affiliation; territoriality

Strauss, Richard, 239–40, plate 40

sugar, 428–29, 434, 436

suicide, encouraged or assisted, 215–16, 232

supernatural beliefs, 325–26, 329, 330, 338, 341–44, 341 table, 361

as causal explanations, 345–46

intervention by supernatural agents, 329, 331, 345

religious success and, 365–66

See also magic; religion(s); superstitions

superstitions, 342–43, 344, 348, plate 46

Sutton, Peter, 384

swaddling of infants, 185

Sweden, 156, 193

sweet potatoes, 150–51, 298, 300, 301

Switzerland, 156

taboos, 177, 227–29, 298, 339, 348

Talheim pit burial, 134–35

talk and talkativeness, 248, 273–75, 291–92, 299–300, 454

See also stories and storytelling

Tallensi people, 196

Tasmania, language loss in, 398

Tay-Sachs disease, 422

technology and technological change, 18, 348, 381

elders and, 225, 235–36, 237–38

military technology, 142–43, 144

religion and, 348, 350

Teerink, C. G. J., 119

territoriality, 28–29, 37–49, 75

author’s related New Guinea experiences, 37–41, 261–70

borders, 39, 42, 45, 46, plate 34

defenses and patrols, 39, 42, 45, plates 13, 14

defensive fortifications, 135, 150, 152, 291

environmental conditions and, 43, 44, 45, 46, 48, 155

exclusive territories, 39–41, 41–44, 50

food scarcity and, 302–3

non-exclusive land use, 45–49

trade and, 40, 60–61

warfare and, 127, 130

in Western societies, 48–49, plate 14, plate 34

See also trade; travel

theft, 94, 158

See also raiding

theodicy, 340, 352, 353, 354

thrifty-gene hypothesis, 442–47

Tillich, Paul, 346