The World Until Yesterday

tools, trade in, 68–69 table, 69, 70

Toussaint-Louverture, 138

toys, 204–5, plates 17, 18

trade, 59–75, 76, plates 32, 33

forms and patterns of, 60–61, 65–67, 73–75

geographic knowledge and, 56

language diversity and, 378

luxury objects, 63–64, 67, 68–69 table, 69–70

market economies, 61–65

monopolies, 72–75

multilingualism and, 383–84

social bonds and, 63, 64–65, 73–75

societies lacking, 60

trade items, 62, 64, 67–71, 68–69 table

trading specialists, 62–63, 66

travel restrictions and, 40, 60–61

warfare and, 74, 75, 164–66, 287

traditional dispute resolution, 8, 24–25, 29, 80

civil disputes, 99–102

disadvantages, 115, 116, 117–18

face-to-face, 93, plate 15

goals of, 102–3, 108, 111–12

informal justice in modern states, 7–8, 115

mediation and negotiation, 82–83, 85, 92, 93, 95–96, 100, 116

New Guinea accidental death story, 79–86, 89, 117

overview, 92–97

reconciliation in, 29, 83–84, 88–90, 103, 105, 111–12, 116

social bonds and, 29, 81, 87–90, 101, 105, 115

See also compensation processes; state justice systems

traditional societies

advantages, 457–61

defined, 6

information sources and scholarship, 23–24, 476–81

learning from, 7–9, 32–33, 461–66

maps, 26–27figs.

risk assessment and tolerance, 270–75, 278, 283

traditional warfare, 25, 29–30, 80, 119–70, 287, plate 36

alliances and, 120, 141–42, 143

ambushes, 120, 122, 137, 141, 144

attitudes about killing, 143–44, 169, 170

battles, 120, 122, 136, 141, plate 36

chronic nature of, 121, 122, 140, 147

demonization of enemies, 120, 125, 159

effects of European contact, 132, 133–34, 148–54

fate of defeated enemies, 141, 146, 158–59

head-hunting and cannibalism, 151, 158–59

massacres, 120, 122, 127, 141, 146

military organization and training, 120, 141, 144–45

mortality rates, 120, 121, 127–28, 139–41

motives for, 87, 143, 147, 157–59

resolution of, 89–90, 147–49

social factors and benefits, 162–63

sources of information about, 131–36, 149–50, 152–54

trade and, 74, 75, 165–66, 287

typical forms and features, 120–21, 136–38, 141

ultimate causes, 159–63

unplanned escalations of violence, 138

unsuspected enemies, 54–55

viewed as inefficient, 121, 144–45

vs. state warfare, 140–47

war games, 202–3

weapons and military technology, 121, 135, 142, 144, 150, 151

who is affected by, 120, 140–41, 144, 146, 165–67

See also Dani warfare; raiding

travel, 1–2, 4–5, 29, 37, 48–49, plate 14

in enemy territories, 49–50, 54–55, 271–72

friendship and, 29, 53

geographic knowledge and, 29, 54–56

trade and, 40, 60–61

See also territoriality

treachery, 137–38, 290–91

tree hazards, 243–44, 279, 280, 285, plate 42

trespassing. See territoriality

tribes, 15–16, 18

Trobriand Islanders, 17, 26 fig.

child discipline, 195–96, 202

food sharing and storage, 301, 303, 309 table

trade, 66–67, 68 table, 75

Trojan War, 143, 158

Tswana people, 287

Tuareg people, 166

Tumu, Akii, 479

Turnbull, Colin, 205–6

Type-1 diabetes, 430–31, 441, 442

Type-2 diabetes, 32, 430, 431

See also diabetes

Ubykh language, 395, 397

uncontacted peoples, 56–57

See also first contacts

Under the Mountain Wall (Matthiessen), 120

United States

bilingualism in, 386–87, 400

communes in, 362–63

elders in, 223–27, plate 24

homicide rates, 288

Indian language losses, 397, 398, 399, 406

minority languages in, 400

monolingualism in, 370, 383, 400

risk assessment and tolerance, 277, 317–18, 319