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SAGE GROUSE
IDENTIFICATION: A gray-brown grouse with speckled plumage, pointed tail feathers, and inflatable air sacs in the breast. DISTRIBUTION: Western North America. HABITAT: Sage grassland, semidesert. STUDY AREAS: Green River Basin and Laramie Plains, Wyoming; Long Valley, California.
RUFFED GROUSE
IDENTIFICATION: A large grouse with a banded, fan-shaped tail and distinctive black ruffs on the side of the neck. DISTRIBUTION: Northern and central North America. HABITAT: Forest. STUDY AREA: In captivity in Ithaca, New York.
Social Organization
During the breeding season, male Ruffed and Sage Grouse display on territories—large, communal “strutting grounds” or LEKS in Sage Grouse, and individual “drumming logs” in Ruffed Grouse. Both species have a promiscuous mating system, in which birds mate with multiple partners, do not form pair-bonds, and females care for the young with no male assistance. Outside of the mating season, birds sometimes congregate in mixed-sex flocks.
Description
Male Ruffed Grouse also court and mount each other. Deep in the forest, each male advertises his presence by DRUMMING at dawn or dusk, producing a throbbing, drumroll-like sound by rapidly “beating” the air with his wings. If another Grouse lands on the drumming log, he begins his strutting display. Fanning his tail like a turkey, he lowers his wings, erects his neck ruffs, and rotates his head vigorously, all the while emitting a hissing sound as he approaches the other bird. If the other bird is a female, mating takes place, whereas if it is another male, typically a fight will ensue. However, in some cases the other male does not challenge the displaying male. The courting male then makes a “gentle” approach, sleeking down his feathers, dragging his tail on the ground, and occasionally shaking his head. He sometimes pecks softly at the base of the other male’s bill or places his foot on the other’s back and may mount him as in heterosexual copulation (although the mounted bird does not usually adopt the female’s typical copulatory posture).