Catherine the Great

53. KfZh (1744), 56–9; Sochineniia, xii: 49; Bil’basov, i: 119–21.

54. Bil’basov, i: 121–4.

55. KfZh (1744), 59–67.

56. PCFG, iii: 239, Frederick to C., 5 Aug. 1744 NS.

57. For the peace celebrations on 15–17 July, see KfZh (1744), 69–86.

58. On mileposts, PSZ, xii: 9016, 16 Aug. 1744; 9073, 27 Nov.; 9092, 17 Dec.

59. Sochineniia, xii: 53–4.

60. M. Berlinskii, Kratkoe opisanie Kieva (SPb, 1820), 39–41.

61. Sochineniia, xii: 53. C. was then developing an interest in the Gothic, which here seems to mean simply ‘medieval’.

62. Sochineniia, xii: 55–6.

63. For its construction, see Starikova, doc. 519, pp. 551–86.

64. The phrase ‘theatres of piety’ is John Adamson’s: see ‘Making of the ancien-regime Court’, in Princely Courts of Europe, ed. Adamson, 24–7.

65. S. Dixon, ‘Religious Ritual at the Russian Court’, in Monarchy and Religion: The Transformation of Royal Culture in Eighteenth-Century Europe, ed. M. Schaich (Oxford, 2007), 229– 30.

66. KfZh (1744), 91–3, 103–12.

67. On 15 Dec.: KfZh (1744), 24.

68. Bespiatykh, Peterburg Anny Ioannovny, 140 (C. R. Berch).

69. Starikova, doc. 265 (servants’ accommodation); docs 970–6 (merry-go-round).

70. Sochineniia, xii: 214

71. KfZh (1745), 1, 153–4.

72. Bil’basov, i: 145, n. 2; Sochineniia, xii: 213 (216).

73. KfZh (1745), 2–10.

74. P. Keenan, ‘Creating a “public” in St Petersburg, 1703–1761’, unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of London, 2005, 107–9.

75. KfZh (1744), 1 and passim, refers to him throughout as Prince August.

76. Sochineniia, xii: 218; Keenan, ‘Creating a “public”’, 108.

77. For French celebrations, see e.g. the earlier Description des festes donnees par la ville de Paris: a l’occasion du mariage de madame Louise-Elisabeth de France, de dom Philippe, infant & grand amiral d’Espagne, les vingt-neuvieme & trentieme aout mil sept cent trente-neuf (Paris, 1740).

78. Starikova, doc. 754.

79. PSZ, xii: 9123–4, 16 Mar. 1745.

80. Sochineniia, xii: 227, 63, 67.

81. KfZh (1745), 27 (9 May); 29–32.

82. KfZh (1745), 39–42 (39); 43.

83. KfZh (1745), 36–7.

84. See, in particular, PSZ, xii: 9136–40; 9144–7; 9149; 9154–6; 9174.

85. Bil’basov, i: 164, n. 1, 166, 168.

86. KfZh (1745), 187, 51.

87. KfZh (1745), 51; SIRIO, cii: 320, Hyndford to Harrington, 20 Aug. 1745.

88. Bil’basov, i: 167–70.

89. Sochineniia, xii: 67.

90. Sochineniia, xii: 68.

91. My account of the wedding celebrations relies on KfZh (1745), 52–92 (52–60), and on Santi’s order of ceremonies, ibid., 187–222 (195).

92. Poroshin, 24, 1 Oct. 1764. Naryshkin’s empty landau was between Prince Aleksei Golitsyn and Count Efim Raguzinskii in the procession; Panin’s carriage, also empty, was further forward: KfZh (1745), 55. See 194, 223–9, for an indicative list of the empty carriages.

93. L. Kirillova, Moskovskii Kreml’: Starinnye ekipazhi (M, 1999), 10, 17 and passim.

94. SIRIO, vii: 50–2. See also KfZh (1745), 200.

95. KfZh (1745), 193.

96. SIRIO, cii: 321, Hyndford to Harrington, 24 Aug. 1745.

97. Chudinova, Penie, 33; KfZh (1737), 22–3, 32; victory days listed at PSZ, ix: 6832, 29 Oct. 1735.

98. KfZh (1745), 187–8.

99. SIRIO, vii: 53–4; Sochineniia, xii: 68; Bil’basov, i: 171–2.

100. KfZh (1745), 62; Sochineniia, xii: 69.

101. KfZh (1745), 64–70.

102. Quoted by N. V. Sipovskaia, ‘Obedy “k sluchaiu”: Nastol’nye ukrasheniia XVIII veka’, in Razvlekatel’naia kul’tura Rossii XVIII—XIX vv., ed. E. V. Dukov (SPb, 2000), 161–2. KfZh (1745), 69, claimed 10,000 candles.

103. SIRIO, vii: 64; KfZh (1745), 77–8, 80; Sochineniia, xii: 73–4.

104. S. Sadie, ed., The New Grove Dictionary of Opera (London, 1992), iv: 269–70; MP, i: 144–6 (Bonecchi); Starikova, doc. 32 (programme and synopsis); Mooser, i: 219– 20; KfZh (1745), 75.

105. Zapiski Shtelina, i: 248; Rovinskii, Obozrenie ikonopisaniia, 237–8.

106. The impressive analysis of C’s approach to sexuality in Greenleaf, ‘Performing Autobiography’ may well exaggerate the empress’s literary sophistication.

107. Sochineniia, xii: 66.

108. Sochineniia, xii: 69.

109. Sochineniia, xii: 80, 82.

110. G. V. Kalashnikov, ‘Zametki ob obrazovanii budushchego imperatora Petra III’, Arkheograficheskii ezhegodnik za 2003 goda (M, 2004), 131–48 (135).

111. Rulhiere, 19–20.

112. Sochineniia, xii: 199.

113. O. A. Ivanov, Ekaterina II i Petr III: istoriia tragicheskogo konflikta (M, 2007), more inclined to take C.’s memoirs at face value, offers an exhaustive comparison of the passages on Peter.

114. Kalashnikov, ‘Zametki’, 144.

115. Shtelin, Zapiski, 74–5, 79.

Chapter 3

1. Sochineniia, XII: 236.

2. Bil’basov, i: 219–22, 227–8.

3. P. F. Karabanov, ‘Stats-damy i freiliny russkago dvora XVIII v.’, RS, 2 (1870), 445–6.

4. Sochineniia, xii: 84–5, 89, 91.

5. Sochineniia, xii: 245.