Chrysler: The Iacocca Legacy (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1995).
8 Darwin Smith, looking back: Reported in Jim Collins, Good to Great: Why Some Companies Make the Leap … and Others Don’t (New York: HarperCollins, 2001), 20.
9 Albert Dunlap, a self-professed fixed mindsetter: Albert Dunlap with Bob Andelman, Mean Business: How I Save Bad Companies and Make Good Companies Great (New York: Fireside/Simon & Schuster, 1996); John A. Byrne, “How Al Dunlap Self-Destructed,” Business Week, July 6, 1998.
10 Lou Gerstner, an avowed growth mindsetter: Lou Gerstnr, m>Who Says Elephants Can’t Dance? Inside IBM’s Historic Turnaround (New York: HarperCollins, 2002).
11 “All my life I’ve been playing”: Mia Hamm with Aaron Heifetz, Go for the Goal: A Champion’s Guide to Winning in Soccer and in Life (New York: HarperCollins, 1999), 3.
12 Patricia Miranda was a chubby, unathletic: Judy Battista, “A Tiny Female Pioneer for Olympic Wrestling,” The New York Times, May 16, 2004.
13 In 1995, Christopher Reeve, the actor: Christopher Reeve, Nothing Is Impossible: Reflections on a New Life (New York, Random House, 2002).
14 I watched it happen: This work was done with Heidi Grant.
15 We saw the same thing in younger students: This work was with Claudia Mueller.
16 Marina Semyonova, a great Russian dancer: Margaret Henry, “Passion and Will, Undimmed by 80 Years of Ballet,” The New York Times, January 10, 1999.
17 When Do You Feel Smart: This work was carried out with Elaine Elliott and later with Valanne MacGyvers.
18 “We were stars”: Stephen Glass, The Fabulist (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2003). This is a moment-by-moment account, which Glass has published as a novel.
19 To find out, we showed: This work was done with Jeremy Stone.
20 So common is the belief: Reported in Steve Young, Great Failures of the Extremely Successful (Los Angeles: Tallfellow Press, 2002).
21 “Morton,” Kennedy told him: Ibid., 47.
22 People with the growth mindset know: This survey was conducted with Catherine Good and Aneeta Rattan.
23 Is there another way: Charles C. Manz, The Power of Failure (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2002), 38.
24 Jack Welch, the celebrated CEO: Jack Welch with John A. Byrne, Jack: Straight from the Gut (New York: Warner Books, 2001).
25 John McEnroe had a fixed mindset: John McEnroe with James Kaplan, You Cannot Be Serious (New York: Berkley, 2002).
26 McEnroe used sawdust: Ibid., 159.
27 He goes on to tell us: Ibid., 160.
28 “Everything was about you”: Ibid., 158.
29 “I was shocked”: From Janet Lowe, Michael Jordan Speaks: Lessons from the World’s Greatest Champion (New York: John Wiley, 1999), 95.
30 Tom Wolfe, in The Right Stuff: Tom Wolfe, The Right Stuff (New York: Bantam, 1980), 31. Also cited in Morgan W. McCall, High Flyers: Developing the Next Generation of Leaders (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1998), 5.
31 “There is no such thing”: Chuck Yeager and Leo Janos, Yeager (New York: Bantam, 1985), 406. Also cited in McCall, High Flyers, 17.
32 As a New York Times article: Amy Waldman, “Why Nobody Likes a Loser,” The NewYork Times, August 21, 1999.
33 “I would have been a different”: Clifton Brown, “Out of a Bunker, and Out of a Funk, Els Takes the Open,” The New York Times, July 22, 2002.
34 Each April when the skinny envelopes: Amy Dickinson, “Skinny Envelopes,” Time, April 3, 2000. (Thanks to Nellie Sabin for calling my attention to this article.)
35 Jim Marshall, former defensive player: Young, Great Failures of the Extremely Successful, 7–11.
36 Bernard Loiseau was one of the top: Elaine Ganley, “Top Chef’s Death Shocks France, Sparks Condemnation of Powerful Food Critics,” Associated Press, February 25, 2003.
37 In one study, seventh graders: This work was done with Lisa Sorich Blackwell and Kali Trzesniewski.
38 College students, after doing poorly: This work was with David Nussbaum.
39 Jim Collins tells: Collins, Good to Great, 80.
40 It was never his fault: McEnroe, You Cannot Be Serious.
41 John Wooden, the legendary: John Wooden with Steve Jamison, Wooden: A Lifetime of Observations and Reflections On and Off the Court (Lincolnwood, IL: Contemporary Books, 1997), 55.
42 When Enron, the energy giant: Bethany McLean and Peter Elkind, The Smartest Guys in the Room: The Amazing Rise and Scandalous Fall of Enron (New York: Penguin Group, 2003), 414.
43 Jack Welch, the growth-minded CEO: Welch, Jack, 224.
44 As a psychologist and an educator: The work described was carried out with Allison Baer and Heidi Grant.
45 Malcolm Gladwell: Presented in an invited address at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, Chicago, August 2002.
46 A report from researchers: “Report of the Steering Committee for the Women’s Initiative at Duke University,” August 2003.
47 Americans aren’t the only people: Jack Smith, “In the Weight Rooms of Paris, There Is a Chic New Fragrance: Sweat,” The New York Times, June 21, 2004.
48 Seabiscuit: Laura Hillenbrand, Seabiscuit: An American Legend (New York: Random House, 2001).
49 Equally moving is the parallel story: Laura Hillenbrand, “A Sudden Illness,” The New Yorker, July 7, 2003.
50 Nadja Salerno-Sonnenberg made her violin debut: Nadja Salerno-Sonnenberg, Nadja, On My Way (New York: Crown, 1989); Barbara L. Sand, Teaching Genius: Dorothy DeLay and the Making of a Musician (Portland, OR: Amadeus Press, 2000).
51 “I was used to success”: Salerno-Sonnenberg, Nadja, 49.
52 “Everything I was going through”: Ibid., 50.
53 Then, one day: Ibid., 50.
54 There were few American women: Hyatt and Gottlieb, When Smart People Failem>, 25–27.
55 “I don’t really understand”: Ibid., 27.
56 “I often thought”: Ibid., 25.
57 Billie Jean King says: Billie Jean King with Kim Chapin, Billie
