Jean (New York: Harper & Row, 1974).
58 A lawyer spent seven years: Hyatt and Gottlieb, When Smart People Fail, 224.
59 Can everything about people be changed?: Martin Seligman has written a very interesting book on this subject: What You Can Change … And What You Can’t (New York: Fawcett, 1993).
60 Joseph Martocchio conducted a study: Joseph J. Martocchio, “Effects of Conceptions of Ability on Anxiety, Self-Efficacy, and Learning in Training,” Journal of Applied Psychology 79 (1994), 819–825.
61 The same thing happened with Berkeley students: Richard Robins and Jennifer Pals, “Implicit Self-Theories in the Academic Domain: Implications for Goal Orientation, Attributions, Affect, and Self-Esteem Change,” Self and Identity 1 (2002), 313–336.
62 Michelle Wie is a teenage golfer: Clifton Brown, “An Education with Hard Courses,” The New York Times, January 13, 2004.
63 “I think I learned that I can”: Clifton Brown, “Wie Shows Power but Her Putter Let Her Down,” The New York Times, January 16, 2004.
CHAPTER 3. THE TRUTH ABOUT ABILITY AND ACCOMPLISHMENT 1 Edison was not a loner: Paul Israel, Edison: A Life of Invention (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1998).
2 Yet Darwin’s masterwork: Howard E. Gruber, Darwin on Man: A Psychological Study of Scientific Creativity, 2nd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981); Charles Darwin, Autobiographies (Michael Neve and Sharon Messenger, eds.) (New York: Penguin Books, 1903/2002).
3 Mozart labored: Robert W. Weisberg, “Creativity and Knowledge.” In Robert J. Sternberg (ed.), Handbook of Creativity (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
4 Back on earth, we measured: This work was done in collaboration with Lisa Sorich Blackwell and Kali Trzesniewski. Thanks also to Nancy Kim for collecting quotes from the students.
5 George Danzig was a graduate student: Told by George Danzig in Cynthia Kersey, Unstoppable (Naperville, IL: Sourcebooks, 1998).
6 John Holt, the great educator: John Holt, How Children Fail (New York: Addison Wesley, 1964/1982), 14.
7 The College Transition: This work was done with Heidi Grant.
8 In her book Gifted Children: Ellen Winner, Gifted Children: Myths and Realities (New York: Basic Books, 1996).
9 Michael’s mother reports: Ibid., 21.
10 Garfield High School: Jay Matthews, Escalante: The Best Teacher in America (New York: Henry Holt, 1998).
11 Marva Collins: Marva Collins and Civia Tamarkin, Marva Collins’ Way: Returning to Excellence in Education (Los Angeles: Jeremy Tarcher, 1982/1990).
12 He saw four-year-olds: Ibid., 160.
13 As the three- and four-years-olds: Marva Collins, “Ordinary” Children, Extraordinary Teachers (Charlottesville, VA: Hampton Roads Publishing, 1992), 4.
14 Benjamin Bloom: Benjamin S. Bloom, Developing Talent in Young People (New York: Ballantine Books, 1985).
15 Bloom concludes: Ibid., 4.
16 Falko Rheinberg, a researcher in Germany: Falko Rheinberg, Leistungsbewertung und Lernmotivation [Achievement Evaluation and Motivation to Learn] (Gottingen: Hogrefe, 1980), 87, 116. Also reported at the conference of the American Educational Research Association, Seattle, April 2001.
17 “Come on, peach”: Collins and Tamarkin, Marva Collins’ Way, 19.
18 On the opposite page are the before-and-after: Betty Edwards, The New Drawing on the Right Side of the Brain (New York: Tarcher/Putnam, 1979/1999), 18–20.
19 Jackson Pollock: Elizabeth Frank, Pollock (New York: Abbeville Press, 1983); Evelyn Toynton, “A Little Here, A Little There,” The New York Times Book Review, January 31, 1999.
20 Twyla Tharp: The Creative Habit (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2003).
21 “There are no ‘natural’ geniuses”: Ibid., 7.
22 The Danger of Praise: This work was conducted with Claudia Mueller and with Melissa Kamins.
23 Adam Guettel has been called: Jesse Green, “A Complicated Gift,” The New York Times Magazine, July, 6, 2003.
24 Research by Claude Steele and Joshua Aronson: Claude M. Steele and Joshua Aronson, “Stereotype Threat and the Intellectual Test Performance of African-Americans,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 68 (1995), 797–811.
25 We asked African American students: This research was done with Bonita London.
26 To find out how this happens: This work was done with Catherine Good and Aneeta Rattan, and is being supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation.
27 Many females have a problem not only with: This has been studied by Tomi- Ann Roberts and Susan Nolen-Hoeksema.
28 When we observed in grade school: This research was conducted with William Davidson, Sharon Nelson, and Bradley Enna.
29 Frances Conley: Frances K. Conley, Walking Out on the Boys (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1999).
30 “Is a honey,” she wondered: Ibid., 65.
31 Julie Lynch, a budding techie: Michael J. Ybarra, “Why Won’t Women Write Code?Sky, December 1999.
32 The Polgar family: Carlin Flora, “The Grandmaster Experiment,” Psychology Today, August 2005.
CHAPTER 4. SPORTS: THE MINDSET OF A CHAMPION 1 As Michael Lewis tells us: Michael Lewis, Moneyball: The Art of Winning an Unfair Game (New York: Norton, 2003).
2 “It wasn’t merely”: Ibid., 9.
3 As one scout said: Ibid., 48.
4 “He had no concept of failure”: Ibid., 46.
5 Beane continues, “I started to get”: Ibid., 47.
6 Muhammad Ali failed these measurements: Felix Dennis and Don Atyeo, Muhammad Ali: The Glory Years (New York: Hyperion, 2003).
7 He pulled back his torso: Ibid., 14.
8 Not only did he study Liston’s: Ibid., 92.
9 Ali said, “Liston had to believe”: Ibid., 96.
10 Float like a butterfly: Ibid., 74.
11 “He was a paradox”: Ibid., 14.
