Moscow, December 25, 1991

Shevardreadze, 299-306; Beschloss and Talbott, At the Highest Levels, 411 -413; and Bush and Scowcroft, A World Transformed, 510-513, for details of Bush’s visit to Moscow.

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15 Gorbachev, Memoirs, 806-807.

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16 Chernyaev, My Six Years with Gorbachev, 369.

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17 Kalugin with Montaigne, The First Directorate, 347-348.

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1 Bush and Scowcroft, A World Transformed, 559-561.

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2 Palazchenko, My Years with Gorbachev and Shevardnadze, 365-366.

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3 Ibid., 358.

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4 Interviews with Charlie Caudill, Frida Ghitis, Steve Hurst, Tom Johnson, Stuart Loory, and Claire Shipman, autumn 2009.

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5 Yeltsin, The Struggle for Russia, 21.

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6 Kuznetsov, Kamera dlya Prezidenta, 12.

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1 I have drawn on several accounts to describe the coup attempt of August 1991, principally Aron, Boris Yeltsin ; Boldin, Ten Years That Shook the Word, Chernyaev, My Six Years with Gorbachev; Colton, Yeltsin ; Dobbs, Down with Big Brother; Dunlop, The Rise of Russia and the Fall of the Soviet Union; Gorbachev, Memoirs; Remnick, Lenin’s Tomb; Steele, Eternal Russia; Yeltsin, The Struggle for Russia; Korzhakov, Boris Yeltsin ; and Shaposhnikov, Vybor.

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2 Dobbs, Down with Big Brother, 374-375.

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3 Chernyaev, My Six Years with Gorbachev, 408.

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4 Beschloss and Talbott, At the Highest Levels, 434.

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5 Putin with Gevorkyan, Timakova, and Kolesnikov, First Person, 93.

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