Stalin: A Biography

2. The exception in the Politburo was Bukharin.

3. See W. Taubman, Khrushchev: The Man and His Era, p. 63.

4. Tak govoril Kaganovich, pp. 59–60.

5. Molotov. Poluderzhavnyi vlastelin, p. 262.

6. To chair the Politburo, the Orgburo or the Secretariat was not the same as to be its chairman; and when in 1928 the minutes recorded Kaganovich as Orgburo Chairman, there was a furious protest and Molotov had to agree to amend them: RGASPI, f. 81, op. 3, d. 255, p. 98. See below, p. 363 for the possibility that Stalin learned from the precedent of the Roman Emperor Augustus.

7. See E. A. Rees, ‘Stalin as Leader, 1924–1937: From Oligarch to Dictator’, p. 27. See also R. W. Davies, M. Ilic and O. Khlevnyuk, ‘The Politburo and Economic Decision-Making’, p. 110.

8. Pis’ma I. V. Stalina V. M. Molotovu, pp. 222–3.

9. Sovetskoe rukovodstvo. Perepiska, 1928–1941, pp. 144–5.

10. Lubyanka. Stalin i VChK–GPU–OGPU–NKVD, p. 191.

11. Ibid., p. 237.

12. See O. Khlevnyuk, Stalin i Ordzhonikidze, pp. 19–31.

13. Pis’ma I. V. Stalina V.M. Molotovu, p. 217.

14. Ibid., pp. 231–2.

15. Ibid., p. 232.

16. Ibid., pp. 231–2.

17. Quoted in B. S. Ilizarov, Tainaya zhizn’ Stalina, p. 93.

18. RGASPI, f. 78, op. 2, d. 38, p. 38.

19. Stalin i Kaganovich. Perepiska, p. 187.

20. Pis’ma I. V. Stalina V. M. Molotovu, p. 166.

21. Ibid., p. 167.

22. See T. H. Rigby, ‘Was Stalin a Disloyal Patron?’

23. A. Kriegel and S. Courtois, Eugen Fried, pp. 121 and 125.

24. Stalin i Kaganovich, p. 665: telegram of 6 September 1936.

25. Sovetskoe rukovodstvo. Perepiska, 1928–1941, p. 33.

26. Pis’ma I. V. Stalina V. M. Molotovu, p. 107.

27. Lubyanka. Stalin i VChK–GPU–OGPU–NKVD, p. 180.

28. L. Trotskii, Moya zhizn’.

29. Pis’ma I. V. Stalina V.M. Molotovu, 1925–1936 gg., p. 231.

30. ITsKKPSS, no. 11 (1990), pp. 63–74.

31. Reabilitatsiya: politicheskie protsessy 30–50-kh godov, pp. 334–443. See also The Road to Terror (ed. O. V. Naumov and J. A. Getty) pp. 52–4.

32. S. Allilueva, Dvadtsat’ pisem k drugu, pp. 54–5.

33. L’Armata Rossa e la collettiviazione delle campagne nell’ URSS (1928–1933), pp. 164, 302 and 356.

26. The Death of Nadya

1. R. Bullard, Inside Stalin’s Russia, p. 142.

2. Ibid., p. 208.

3. Lubyanka. Stalin i VChK–GPU–OGPU–NKVD, p. 286.

4. S. Allilueva, Dvadtsat’ pisem k drugu, pp. 99–100.

5. Reported by R. Richardson from an interview with Svetlana Allilueva, The Long Shadow, p. 125.

6. Sovetskoe rukovodstvo. Perepiska, 1928–1941, p. 77.

7. RGASPI, f. 17, op. 113, d. 869, p. 61.

8. Iosif Stalin v ob”yatiyakh sem’i, p. 29.

9. Ibid., p. 30.

10. RGASPI, f. 17, op. 113, d. 869.

11. Interview with Kira Allilueva, 14 December 1998. See also L. Vasil’eva, Kremlevskie zheny, p. 259.

12. Iosif Stalin v ob”yatiyakh sem’i, pp. 31 and 33.

13. See S. Sebag Montefiore, Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar, p. 50.

14. GARF, f. 3316/ya, op. 2, d. 2016, p. 3.

15. RGASPI, f. 85, op. 28, d. 63, pp. 1–3.

16. Molotov. Poluderzhavnyi vlastelin, pp. 307–8.

17. Ibid., p. 307.

18. Ibid., p. 308.

19. S. Allilueva, Dvadtsat’ pisem k drugu, p. 31.

20. GARF, f. 7523sg, op. 149a, d. 2, p. 7.

21. GARF, f. 7523sg, op. 149a, d. 2, pp. 10, 11 and 13.

22. GARF, f. 81, op. 3, d. 77, p. 48.

23. RGASPI, f. 3, op. 1, d. 3230.

24. R. Bullard, Inside Stalin’s Russia, p. 153.

25. GARF, f. 3316/ya, op. 2, d. 2016, p. 2.

26. Lubyanka. Stalin i VChK–GPU–OGPU–NKVD, pp. 601 and 667–9.

27. Molotov. Poluderzhavnyi vlastelin, p. 308.

28. ‘Dnevnik M. A. Svanidze’ in Iosif Stalin v ob”yatiyakh sem’i, p. 177.

29. A. Mgeladze, Stalin, kakim ya ego znal, p. 117.

30. A. Rybin, ‘Ryadom so Stalinym’, Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya, no. 3 (1988), p. 87.

31. A. Mikoyan, Tak bylo, p. 356.

32. Tak govoril Kaganovich, p. 35.

33. A. Mikoyan, Tak bylo, p. 353.

34. RGASPI, f. 3, op. 1, d. 3231.

35. Ibid.

36. S. Allilueva, Dvadtsat’ pisem k drugu, pp. 19 and 21.

37. See S. Lakoba, Ocherki politicheskoi istorii Abkhazii, p. 120.

38. Ibid., p. 118.

39. Ibid., pp. 132–3.

40. Ibid., pp. 116–17.

41. Ibid., p. 115.

27. Modernity’s Sorcerer

1. See for example his speech to an all-Union conference of ‘proletarian students’, Pravda, 16 April 1925.

2. Semnadtsatyi s”ezd Vsesoyuznoi Kommunisticheskoi Partii (b), p. 28.

3. Ibid., p. 24.

4. Cited by A. Luukkanen, The Religious Policy of the Stalinist State, p. 140.

5. See J. Barber, Soviet Historians in Crisis, 1928–1932.

6. M. Gor’kii, L. Averbakh and S. Firin, Belomorsko-baltiiskii kanal imeni I. V.