Good Calories, Bad Calories

AGEs, collagen, and diabetes as accelerated aging: Monnier et al. 1984.

“If you remove the aorta…”: Interview, Anthony Cerami.

Oxidized LDL and heart disease: Steinberg 1997. Oxidized LDL, reactive oxygen species and glycation: Bucala et al. 1993. “markedly elevated”: Stitt et al. 1997. Footnote. “rendering the HDL…”: Hedrick et al. 2000.

“the adverse cardiovascular…”: Susic et al. 2004.

“Current evidence points…”: Peppa et al. 2003.

CHAPTER TWELVE:

SUGAR

Epigraph. “M. Delacroix…”: Brillat-Savarin 1986:104.

Reaven initiated study of glycemic index: Crapo et al. 1977 (“traditionally held tenet…”). Reaven more interested in insulin: Interview, Gerald Reaven. Jenkins and Wolever’s research: Jenkins et al. 1981. “tremendous”: Interview, Thomas Wolever.

Vitriolic debate: Interviews, Gerald Reaven (“Ice cream has…”), David Jenkins, and Thomas Wolever. See also Coulston and Reaven 1997 and the response, Wolever 1997.

Fructose and the glycemic index: Mayes 1993.

“We see no reason…”: Bantle et al. 1983. Official government position: Glinsmann et al. 1986:s65–66. “sucrose or sucrose-containing foods…”: ADA 2006.

“no conclusive evidence…”: Glinsmann et al. 1986:s15.

Surgeon General’s Report: USDHHS 1988:111. Diet and Health: NRC 1989:9.

HFCS and climbing sugar consumption: Putnam et al. 2002:8.

Sugar and starch consumption over the twentieth century: USDA 2000; Putnam et al. 2002. Sugar as dietary nuisance: See, for instance, Mayer 1976.

Fructose content of fruit: “Sweetener” entry, Encyclop?dia Brittanica. Fructose perceived as healthy: See, for instance, Brody 1983b; Donohue 1988.

Metabolism of glucose and fructose: Shafrir 1991. “constitutes a metabolic load…”: Interview, Eleazar Shafrir. Footnote. Higgins 1916.

“In the 1980s…”: Interview, Judith Hallfrisch. Sugar raises cholesterol: Swanson et al. 1992. For unbiased reviews of metabolic effects of fructose, see Hollenbeck 1993; IOM 2002:297–303.

“pattern of fructose metabolism”: Mayes 1993. Fructose causes insulin resistance: Shafrir 1985. Reiser observed in humans: Reiser et al. 1981. Fructose-induced hypertension: See Hodges and Rebello 1983; Hwang et al. 1987.

“This is really the harmful…”: Interview, Peter Mayes.

Fructose and AGEs: Bunn and Higgins 1981; Dills 1983. Ten times more effective: McPherson et al. 1988; Suarez et al. 1989. More resistant AGEs: Suarez et al. 1995. Increases LDL oxidation: Mowri et al. 2000.

The COMA report: U.K. Department of Health 1989:43.

“The panel concluded…”: Ibid.

Dedicated an entire issue: ACJN, November 1993. “Further studies…”: Tappy and Jequier 1993.

Institute of Medicine spent twenty pages: IOM 2002:295–324 (“insufficient evidence,” 323; no reason to pursue research, 323–24).

Half a dozen research projects: NIH CRISP database search, keywords “fructose” and “sucrose.” 203 “no conclusive evidence…”: Glinsmann et al. 1986:s65–66.

CHAPTER THIRTEEN:

DEMENTIA, CANCER, AND AGING

Epigraph. “The bottom line…”: Tanzi and Parson 2000:201.

NIH funding of Alzheimer’s research 1970s and 1980s: NIH CRISP database search, keywords “Alzheimer’s” and “dementia.” 205 Apo E4 and Alzheimer’s: Strittmatter et al. 1993. Alzheimer’s researchers blame cholesterol and saturated fat: See, for instance, Mattson 2004. Footnote. See, for instance, Marx 2001 (“link between”).

Japanese Americans vs. Japanese: Graves et al. 1996. African Americans vs. rural Africans: Hendrie et al. 2001.

Studies in large populations: Ott et al. 1999 (Rotterdam: “direct or indirect”); Leibson et al. 1997 (Minnesota); Luchsinger et al. 2001 (Manhattan); Arvanitakis et al. 2004 (Midwest); Peila et al. 2002 (Honolulu). Hyperinsulinemia and metabolic syndrome: Kuusisto et al. 1997; Vanhanen et al. 2006.

Confusion of Alzheimer’s with vascular dementia: See Kalaria 2002; Zekry et al. 2002; Korczyn 2002.

Snowdon’s nun study: Snowdon 2003.

Accumulation of vascular dementia accelerates Alzheimer’s: See, for instance, Ravona-Springer et al. 2003.

Amyloid precursor protein exists naturally: Interview, Rudolph Tanzi.

AGEs in plaques and tangles: Yan et al. 1994; Smith et al. 1994; Vitek et al. 1994. In immature plaques: Sasaki et al. 1998.

The AGEs-Alzheimer’s hypothesis: Grossman 2003; Obrenovich and Monnier 2004; Moreira et al. 2005.