Good Calories, Bad Calories

Involvement of insulin: Qiu et al. 1998.

Animal experiments: Farris et al. 2003; Miller et al. 2003; Farris et al. 2004. Footnote. Kim et al. 2007.

Boosting insulin enhances memory: Craft et al. 1996. In 2003, Craft reported: Watson et al. 2003. “We’re not saying…”: Interview, Suzanne Craft.

Selkoe and Tanzi on “attendant therapeutic implications…”: Farris et al. 2004.

Higginson’s studies of cancer incidence: Reviewed in Higginson 1981; Higginson 1997. “It would seem, therefore…”: Quoted in Doll and Peto 1981:1197.

At least 75 to 80 percent: Doll and Peto 1981:1256–60.

Role of man-made chemicals minimal, diet maximal: Ibid.:1256 (table 20).

“extrinsic” and “environmental factors”: See Maugh 1979 and Doll and Peto 1981:1197. “carcinogenic soup”: Greenberg 1979. “It appears that…”: Higginson 1983. Geneva vs. Birmingham, Sweden vs. Japan: Maugh 1979. Footnote. Quoted in Maugh 1979.

Cold Spring Harbor talks: Hiatt et al. 1977:605–956.

“gross aspects…” and “ingestion of traces…”: Doll and Peto 1981:1258. Cancer in Seventh-day Adventists: Phillips 1975.

Cancer in Mormons: Lyon and Sorenson 1978; Lyon et al. 1980. “among the biggest…”: Doll and Armstrong 1981:103. For the next twenty years: See, for instance, Wynder et al. 1983; Carroll and Kritchevsky 1993; U.K. Department of Health 1998.

Failed to identify diet-related carcinogens: Interviews, W. Robert Bruce, Richard Doll and Robert Weinberg. Cancer epidemiologists made little attempt: See, for instance, World Cancer Research Fund and American Institute for Cancer Research 1997: 509–19; U.K. Department of Health 1998:189–207.

Cleave had suggested: Cleave 1975:28–38. Yudkin on five nations: Yudkin 1986:137. Diet and Health on carbohydrates: NRC 1989:282–83.

“strikingly similar”: Giovanucci 2001.

Rous’s semi-starvation research: Rous 1914. McCay reported: McCay et al. 1935. Tannenbaum’s research: Reviewed in Tannenbaum 1959 (“many types of tumors…,” 530; “pathologic changes…,” 523).

Hormone-dependent factors linked to cancers: Armstrong 1977. Increase in cancer incidence with weight gain: Doll and Peto 1981:1234; World Cancer Research Fund and American Institute for Cancer Research 1997:371–73. Obesity, cancer, and estrogen production: See, for instance, Ballard-Barbash 1999.

Warburg’s fermentation work: See Warburg 1956. Tumors starved of fuel: Tannenbaum 1959:530. Footnote. Tannenbaum 1959:524.

Early observations of glucose intolerance in cancer patients: Glicksman et al. 1956. See also Kessler 1971. Unless insulin was added: Temin 1967; Temin 1968. Adrenal and liver-cell cancers: Koontz and Iwahashi 1981. For a review of this research, see Del Giudice et al. 1998. “intensely stimulated…”: Heuson et al. 1967:359. “exquisitely sensitive…”: Osborne et al. 1976:4539.

Greater number of insulin receptors: Giorgino et al. 1991 (“selective growth…,” 452).

The Darwinian model of cancer development: Weinberg 2007: 413–24.

Ten thousand trillion and “enormous opportunity:” Weinberg 1996:252.

Insulin and IGF: For reviews of their roles in cancer development, see Giovannucci 1995; Kaaks 1996; Burroughs et al. 1999; Kaaks and Lukanova 2001; LeRoith and Roberts 2003; Baserga et al. 2003; Pollak et al. 2004. This section was also informed by interviews with Renato Baserga, Edward Giovannucci, Rudolf Kaaks, Derek LeRoith, Bruce Roberts, and Robert Weinberg.

“stumbled” upon: Interview, Renato Baserga. 216 “strong inhibition…”: Baserga 2004.

LeRoith’s experiments with IGF-deficient mice: Wu et al. 2002; Wu et al. 2003.

Cheresh has demonstrated: Brooks et al. 1997; interview, David Cheresh.

2003 meeting in London: Interview, Derek LeRoith; Novartis Foundation 2004. Studies linking hyperinsulinemia and IGF to cancer: See Kaaks and Lukanova 2001.

“People were thinking…” and “When applied simultaneously…”: Interview, Rudolf Kaaks.

“an environment that favored…”: Pollak et al. 2004.

Live 30 to 50 percent longer: See, for instance, Masoro et al. 1982. For a good review of the history of the calorie-restriction science, see Masoro 2003.

Two possibilities: Masoro 2003.

Harrison’s experiments: Harrison et al. 1984 (“Longevities were related”). Whenever these experiments are done: See, for instance, Bertrand et al. 1980.

Oxidative stress, antioxidants, and longevity: Tuma 2001; Weinert and Timiras 2003.

Characteristics of long-lived organisms: Bartke 2002; Davenport 2003.

Genetic studies of yeast: Lin et al. 2000. Worms: Lin et al. 1997. Fruit flies: Clancy et al. 2001. Mice: Holzenberger et al. 2003; Bluher et al. 2003.

“When reduced to essentials…”: Bishop 1989.

Longevity mutations regulate dauer state: Kenyon et al. 1993. “The way these worms work…”: Interview, Cynthia Kenyon.