“One general feature…”: Benedict et al. 1919:683–85.
Keys set out to replicate: Keys, Brozek, et al. 1950 (“guinea pigs,” 64; “semi-starvation diet,” 74).253 1,570 calories, “The major food items served…”: Ibid.:74.
Keys’s conscientious objectors lost on average: Ibid. (body fat lost, 175–76; physiological responses, “As starvation progressed…,” 827–28; “…wise man…,” 290).
“behavior and complaints”: Ibid.:819–53, 881–904.
Five of the subjects: Ibid. (“character neurosis,” 880; “semi-starvation neurosis,” 894; “…psychosis,” 880; “weeping…,” 885; “he suffered a sudden…,” 887; “…drastic cuts…” “his neurotic manifestations…,” 890; fifth subject, 891).
Relaxation of dietary restriction: Ibid.:76–78, 842–53 (“personality deterioration…,” 891.) 255 Last weeks of experiment: Ibid. (“the prodigious level…” and “though incapable…,” 143; weight and body fat, 182).
“conventional reducing diets”: Van Gaal 1998.
“persistent clamor…”: Keys, Brozek, et al. 1950:835. Dramatic reduction in energy expenditure: See also Grande et al. 1958.
“diminishes proportionately…”: Strang and Evans 1929. Observation reported by Bray: Bray 1970. See also Bray 1969; Brown and Ohlson 1946. “There is no investigator…”: Garrow 1978:89.
Hirsch’s experiments: Leibel et al. 1995.
“all the physiological…”: Interview, Jules Hirsch.
“of all the damn…”: Ibid.
“eating fewer calories…”: USDHHS and USDA 2005:13.
Stunkard’s analysis: Stunkard and McLaren-Hume 1959 (“remarkably ineffective…” and “only 12%…”). “paradox” and “the widespread assumption…”: Anon. 1983.
“Attempts at weight reduction…”: Stunkard 1973.
The Cochrane Collaboration review: Pirozzo et al. 2002. The USDA analysis: Kennedy et al. 2001:419 (table 11). Only one study tracked participants for more than a year: Jeffery et al. 1995. The WHI report on weight: Howard, Manson, et al. 2006.
“dietary therapy remains…”: Van Gaal 1998:875–76.
“reduction of caloric intake…”: Maratos-Flier and Flier 2005:541–42.
Sixty or ninety minutes: USDHHS and USDA 2005:viii.
“while unusually strenuous…”: Wilder 1933.
“He will have to climb…”: Newburgh 1942:1085.
“Vigorous muscle exercise…”: Rony 1940:55–56. “There has been ample demonstration…”: Feinstein 1960:365.
Romance of Mayer’s background: Mayer 1955; Gershoff 2001. Interview, Albert Stunkard.
Mayer extolling virtues of exercise: Mayer and Stare 1953. “debunked…”: Tolchin 1959. “almost nil”: Mayer 1953b.
Mayer on high-school girls: Johnson et al. 1956. “The laws of thermodynamics…”: Mayer 1968:125–26.
Girls at summer camp: Bullen et al. 1964. Infants: Rose and Mayer 1968. “The striking phenomenon…” and “some individuals…”: Mayer 1975b:78.
The changing-American-diet story: See Brewster and Jacobson 1978.
Descriptions of typical meals: Mayer 1968:77–78. “frequently assumed prodigious…”: Ross 1987:35–36. “fish, poultry, or game…”: Quoted in ibid. “The 75-cent special…” and “were two or more courses…”: Schwartz 1986:91.
“most important factor…”: Mayer 1973a. “The development of obesity…”: Mayer 1968:83.
“It is a common observation…”: Rony 1940:80.
“For a long period…”: Mayer 1965.
Mayer’s observations on exercise and weight control: Mayer 1968:69–84 (“necessarily,” 69). “If exercise is decreased…”: Quoted in Galton 1961. Mayer’s rat study: Mayer et al. 1954. West Bengal study: Mayer et al. 1956.
As John Garrow noted: Garrow 1978:48–49. “too little”: IOM 2002:884.
“As much as Dr. Mayer…”: Glenn 1965.
“false idea…” and “facts overwhelmingly demonstrate…”: Mayer 1968:69.
Mayer primary author of Health Service report: Brody 1966.
“The successful treatment…”: Anon. 1969:54. “make weight melt…”: Mayer and Goldberg 1984. “contrary to popular belief…”: Mayer and Goldberg 1983.
“While it is generally agreed…”: Gilmore 1977. Seventeen thousand Harvard alumni: Paffenbarger et al. 1978. Exercisers smoke less, attend more to diet: See, for instance, Chave et al. 1978.
“Diligent exercisers…”: Cohn 1980. Brody said exercise “the key”: Brody 1983a. “essential” to weight-loss program: Beck 1990. “when exercise isn’t enough…”: Stockton 1989.
