no. 100.
13. Philippe de Mezieres, Songe du Vieil Pelerin, i, 399.
14. P. Edbury, ‘The Crusading Policy of Peter I of Cyprus’, Eastern Mediterranean Lands, ed. P. M. Holt (Warminster 1977), pp. 90–105; idem, Cyprus, pp. 161–79; Setton, Papacy and the Levant, i, 225– 84.
15. Reproduced in Riley-Smith, Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades, opposite p. 276.
16. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 289–93; A. Luttrell, ‘English Levantine Crusaders 1363–1367’, Renaissance Studies, 2 (1988), 143– 53.
17. Philippe de Mezieres, The Life of St Peter Thomas, ed. J. Smet (Rome 1954); Guilluame de Machaut, La Prise d’Alexandre, ed. L. de Mas Latrie (Geneva 1877), now trans. J. Shirley and P. Edbury, The Capture of Alexandria (Aldershot 2004).
18. T. Walsingham, Historia Anglicana, ed. H. T. Riley, Rolls Series (London 1863–4), i, 301–2.
19. Canterbury Tales, General Prologue, l. 51.
20. Tyerman, Invention of the Crusades, p. 139 note 41.
21. Maier, Preaching, pp. 52–6; cf. pp. 167–9 for the Drenther crusade.
22. E. Baluze, Miscellaneorum, i (Paris 1678), 165–95.
23. See below pp. 343–74, 894–905.
24. D. Wilkins, Concilia Magnae Britanniae et Hiberniae (London 1733–7), iii, 588 (Oct. 1464); cf. the future pope using the same phrase in 1454, L. d’Achery, Spicilegium (Paris 1723), iii, 795–6.
25. Tyerman, Invention of the Crusades, p. 37 and note 20; Setton, Papacy and the Levant, i, 202.
26. Muldoon, Popes, Lawyers and Infidels, passim and esp. pp. 88–91, 119–31; Housley, Later Crusades, pp. 288, 308–10.
27. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 289, 293, 355.
28. Christiansen, Northern Crusades, pp. 147–51.
29. In general, Forey, The Military Orders, pp. 204–41.
30. For opinions and refs., A. Leopold, How to Recover the Holy Land (Aldershot 2000), esp. pp. 19, 34, 78, 178–9.
31. The best account is M. Barber, The Trial of the Templars (Cambridge 1978); cf. Barber, New Knighthood, pp. 280–313.
32. S. Schein, ‘Philip IV and the Crusade: A Reconsideration’, Crusade and Settlement, ed. Edbury, pp. 121–6.
33. Christiansen, Northern Crusades, pp. 151, 231–41.
34. Forey, The Military Orders, p. 240.
35. On the Ottomans, C. Imber, The Ottoman Empire 1300– 1481 (Istanbul 1990); H. Inalcik, The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age 1300– 1600 (London 1973); on Byzantium, D. Nicol, The Last Centuries of Byzantium 1261– 1453 (London 1972).
36. Setton, Papacy and the Levant, pp. 195–223; E. L. Cox, The Green Count of Savoy (Princeton 1967).
37. Wilkins, Concilia, iii, 587. For a recent discussion, N. Bisaha, ‘Pope Pius II and the Crusade’, Crusading in the Fifteenth Century, pp. 39– 52.
38. Documents on the Later Crusades 1274–1580, ed. N. Housley (Basingstoke 1996), p. 149.
39. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, p. 320.
40. A. Linder, Raising Arms: Liturgy in the Struggle to Liberate Jerusalem in the Late Middle Ages (Turnhout 2003), pp. 179, 189–90.
41. Setton, Papacy and the Levant, p. 245; Housley, Later Crusades, p. 40.
42. Above, note 35.
43. Quoted Housley, Later Crusades, p. 64.
44. Housley, Later Crusades, pp. 90–91 provides a convenient potted account.
45. Schefer, Voyage d’Outremer, esp. pp. 181–99, when he met Murad II; for Boucicaut, Le livre des Faicts de bon Messire Jean le Maingre dit Boucicaut, ed. M. Petitot, Collection des memoires relatives a l’histoire de France, vi and vii (Paris 1819).
46. Meserve, ‘Italian Humanists’, pp. 26–7, 35.
47. N. Oikonomides, ‘Byzantium between East and West’, Byzantium and the West, ed. J. Howard-Johnston, Byzantinische Forschung, xiii (Amsterdam 1988), 326–7 and note 17. The situation in Greek cities was far more resistant.
48. In general, D. Geanakoplos, ‘Byzantium and the Crusades’, History of the Crusades, ed. Setton, iii, 27–103; J. Gill, Byzantium and the Papacy 1198– 1400 (New Brunswick 1979); Nicol, Last Centuries of Byzantium.
49. R. Manselli, ‘Il cardinale Bessarione contro il periculo turco e l’Italia’, Miscellanea franciscana, 73 (1973), 314–26.
50. S. Runciman, The Fall of Constantinople (Cambridge 1965).
51. Adam of Usk, Chronicon, ed. and trans. E. M. Thompson (London 1904), pp. 57, 220.
52. J. Cabaret d’Oronville, La Chronique de bon duc Loys de Bourbon, ed. A. M. Chazaud (Paris 1876), pp. 218–57; Froissart, Chronicles, ii, 434–49, 465–77, 481–4; generally Setton, Papacy and the Levant, i, 329–41.
53. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 278–80.
54. Cabaret d’Oronville, Chronique, p. 257; some French nobles also died on the way home.
55. J. J. N. Palmer, England, France and Christendom (London 1972), esp. pp. 180–210; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 294–301; cf. Philippe de Mezieres, Letter to Richard II: A Plea Made in 1395 for Peace between England and France, trans. G. W. Coopland (Liverpool 1975).
56. E.g. in the main official French chronicle source, Chronique du religieux de Saint-Denys, contenant le regne de Charles VI, ed. L. Bellaguet (Paris 1839), ii, esp. 428–9; in general A. S. Atyia, The Crusade of Nicopolis (London 1934); Setton, Papacy and the Levant, i, 341–69; Housley, Later Crusades, pp. 73–81.
57. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 300–301 and refs.
58. M. Keen, Chivalry (New Haven 1984), esp. pp. 179–99, esp. p. 195 (Order of the Ship); for Order of the Knot and the crusade, Bibliotheque Nationale (Paris), MS Fr. 4274, fol. 6, reproduced E. Hallam (ed.), Chronicles of the Crusades (London 1989), p. 2.
59. A point made by J. Paviot, ‘Burgundy and the Crusade’, Crusading in the
