post-war demographic loss, 457

revolution (1917–18), 77, 81

strip-farming, 51, 52

terminal decline, 87

traditional practices, 51, 76, 77

Virgin Lands Campaign, 543–4, 547, 561

See also collectivization, agricultural; famine; land

Akhmatova, Anna, 218, 431, 488–9, 490, 491, 492, 583

Akmolinsk Labour Camp for the Wives of Traitors to the Motherland (ALZhIR), 294, 316–17, 324, 356–61, 364–5, 366, 447, 510, 525, 540, 544

children’s compound, 364

conditions, 357–9

correspondence rules, 359–61

Dolinka orphanage, 317, 358

effect on prisoners, 556–7, 571–2

guards, 364, 630– 32

Pioneers, 359

sexual relations in, 364–5

‘special regime’, 357–8, 360, 367–8

teenagers in, 360

Aksyonov, Vasily, 626–7

Aleksandr Nevsky (film), 270

Aleksandrov, Grigorii, 366, 557

Aleksandrova, Irina, 473

Aleksandrova, Valentina, 461

Aleksandrovna, Liudmila, 572

Alekseyeva, Klavdiia, 294–6

Alekseyeva, Liudmila, 597–8

Aliger, Margarita, 199, 400, 407

Alliluev, Fyodor, 177

Allilueva, Nadezhda, 155, 236

Allilueva, Svetlana, 402

All-Russia Centre for the Study of Public Opinion, 641

All-Union Budget Commission, 219

All-Union State Film Institute (VGIK), 260

Altai region, 240, 435, 656

Altman, Iogann, 494, 496, 589

ALZhIR, see Akmolinsk Labour Camp for the Wives of Traitors to the Motherland

Amur labour camp, 90

Andrei Sakharov Public Centre and Museum, 634n

Andronnikov, Iraklii, 406

anketa, see questionnaires

Anna Karenina (Tolstoy), 562

‘anti-cosmopolitan’ campaign, 494–503, 508, 509, 518

anti-Semitism, 420, 508– 12, 518, 521, 570, 646, 647, 648

Antonov-Ovseyenko, Sofia, 298–300, 299, 336

Antonov-Ovseyenko, Valentina, 299, 336– 8, 337

Antonov-Ovseyenko, Vladimir, 16, 298, 299, 336

apartments, see communal appartments; housing

architecture

collective housing, 9–10

Constructivist, 10, 150, 152

Arctic exploration, 416

Arctic Gulags, 55, 208, 213

Arctic railway, 468

Arkhangelsk, 546

exile to, 116, 143, 216–17, 292, 390, 391, 392, 424, 544, 545, 601

labour camps, 326, 568, 599

arrests

doubts over, 276–81, 1

« ...

201

202

203

204

» ...

250