Young Stalin

revoliutsionnogo dvizheniya v Zakavkazi, pp. 57–58. Tucker, pp. 82–83. Service, Stalin, pp. 33–37. Marks: RGASPI 558.4.17, 558.4.48, 558.4.665, 558.1.4326, 558.3.25. Trotsky, Stalin, p. 10. Stalin changed, pensive: V. Ketskhoveli in Literaturnii Kritik no. 12, 1939, pp. 103–5. Calm: GF IML 8.2.1.12, Said Devdariani.

58

2. Father: Charkviani, “Memoirs.” Choir: RGASPI 71.10.404. Father sees rector and Stalin’s attitude: GDMS 3 (1).1955–146.1–20, “My Memories of Comrade Stalin,” by G. Elisabedashvili. Keke at seminary: GF IML 8.6.306.

59

3. Humiliating, ransacking of boxes: Stalin to Ludwig in Stalin, Sochineniya, 3:113– 14. Good marks: RGASPI 558.4.30 and 37. Atheist in first year, Simon Natroshvili story, five roubles for singing in choir: Charkviani, “Memoirs.” Poet, burning eyes: Lev Kotyukov, “The Forgotten Poet Josef Djugashvili,” Zavtra no. 41 (46), 1994.

60

1. Analysis and quotations of Stalin’s poetry are based on Donald Rayfield’s translations and criticism in PN Review, vol. 44, 1984, pp. 45–47. I must also thank Professor Rayfield for his personal guidance. Giving up poetry: Stalin to Levan Shaumian, Kun, p. 4. Stalin welcomed by cultural elite: Service, Stalin, p. 40. Kotyukov, “The Forgotten Poet Josef Djugashvili.” Mandelstam, Pasternak: Montefiore, pp. 117–18.

61

2. Tiflis, porridge of peoples: Jones, pp. 159–63. Lima and Bombay: Jones’s description, p. 81. Tiflis: Baedeker, pp. 465–71. Founding of Mesame Dasi, Kvali: Jones, pp. 49–50, 66–70. GF IML 8.2.1.9, Anna Nikitin-Geladze.

62

3. Books: GF IML 8.2.1.9, G. Glurjidze. From Stalin, Tolstoy, etc., G. Glurjidze, G. Parkadze, G. Glenov, quoted in Kaminsky-Vereshchagin, pp. 66–71. Stole from bookshop: M. Chaureli in Vstrechi s tov. Stalinym, pp. 156–57. Hugo’s 1893 hero and Vanity Fair, see Tucker, pp. 85–87, 132. Nekrasov and Chernyshevsky: Radzinsky, Alexander II, pp. 91 and 157–60. Dostoevsky: Rayfield, Stalin and the Hangmen, p. 22. Gogol, Saltykov, Shakespeare, Maupassant, etc.: A. A. Gromyko, Memoirs, p. 101. Beria, p. 143. Stalin, Gogol: Stalin, Works, 1:151. By heart: K. Voroshilov, Rasskazy o zhizhni, p. 247. Seminary reading, woodpile, inquisitor Abashidze, reading at night in church: Iremashvili, pp. 19–21. Punishments: RGASPI 558.4.48, 665 and 53. GF IML 8.2.1.12.176–83, Said Devdariani.

63

4. Iremashvili, pp. 17–19.

64

5. Das Kapital: Service, Stalin, p. 41.

65

6. Sochineniya, 13:113–14. RGASPI 558.4.30 and 37. Charkviani, “Memoirs.” Practical Marxism versus academic: GF IML 8.2.1.12.176–83, Said Devdariani. Laughing at peasants and urinating on icons: GDMS 3(1).1955–146.11–19, “My Memories of Comrade Stalin,” by G. Elisabedashvili, and RGASPI 558.4.665.29. Marx books: GF IML 8.2.1.49.185–210, Kote Khakhanashvili. English books: GF IML 8.2.1.12.176–83, Said Devdariani.

66

7. G. Ninua, Zaria Vostoka, 17 July 1939. A. Okuashvili, Zaria Vostoka, 18 Sept. 1935. Stalin’s account: Stalin, Sochineniya 8 (1948): 174. More practical Marxism: GF IML 8.2.1.12.176–83, Said Devdariani. Visit to Jordania: N. Vakar, “Stalin po vospominaniyom N. N. Jordania,” Posledniya Novosti, 16 Dec. 1936, p. 2. Jordania: Uratadze, p. 11. Room on Mt. David, journal: D. Gogokhiya in Kaminsky-Vereshchagin, p. 72. Views evolving: Suny, “Beyond Psychohistory,” p. 55. Lado, Jordania and Jibladze return and Kvali: Ostrovsky, pp. 121–23. Avoiding mother: Keke. Iremashvili, pp. 20–23. Kvali letter refused: GDMS 1955–146.17, G. Elisabedashvili. Home bedbugs: GF IML 8.2.1.12.176–83, Said Devdariani.

67

8. Alliluyev Memoirs, p. 44.

68