Young Stalin

1. Konspiratsia and the secret world is based closely on the following sources: Richard Pipes, The Degaev Affair, pp. 26, 87, master of the revolution. Jonathan Daly, Autocracy under Siege, pp. 6, 9, 21–37, 38–44, 87–96; who learned from whom?, pp. 95–131. Radzinsky, Alexander II, pp. 91, 153–62, 217–22, 340. Perlustration, creation of Okhrana, code names, danger of flying suicide bombers: Charles A. Ruud and Sergei A. Stepanov, Fontanka 16: The Tsar’s Secret Police, pp. 54–56 and 69–79. On flying suicide bombers: Iain Lauchlan, Russian Hide-and-Seek, p. 361. Poles and Jews more hanged: Rayfield, Stalin and the Hangmen, p. 31. Yard keepers and Georgian cult of loyalty and violence: Jones, p. 99. Yenukidze on vengeance: Nikolaevsky box 207, folder 207–15, BN letter to T. Vulikh, 8 Aug. 1949. Stalin and spook: GF IML 8.2.1.54.202–15, Kote Charkviani. Davrichewy, p. 31. RGASPI 558.4.214.

90

2. Avoiding spies and laughing at them: GDMS 1955–146.16–31, G. Elisabedashvili.

91

3. “Neopublikovannye materialy iz biografii t. Stalina,” Antireligioznik, vol. 12, 1939, pp. 17–21: memoir of bookshop owner Ambako Chelaidze.

92

4. GDMS 1955–146.16–31, G. Elisabedashvili. Ostrovsky, pp. 166–67.

93

5. Iremashvili, pp. 21–22. RGASPI 558.4.665, G. Elisabedashvili. Davrichewy, pp. 124–25. Vakar, “Stalin po vospominaniia N. N. Zhordania.” Jones, pp. 72–74.

94

6. November meetings, Gendarme reports: GIAG 153.2.302/102.00.1898.5–52/153.1.3431/2. GARF 102.00.1898.5.52.B. List of twenty-four delegates to the Conference: GDMS 93.3, M. Gureshidze. Ostrovsky’s version is the most convincing: Ostrovsky, pp. 167–70. Slanderer sent to Batumi: Uratadze, pp. 66–67. Muddled youngster: Arkomed, Rabocheedvizhenie, pp. 55–56. Iremashvili, pp. 21–22. RGASPI 558.4.665, G. Elisabedashvili. Davrichewy, pp. 124–25. Vakar, “Stalinpo vospominaniia N. N. Zhordania.” S. Talakvadze, Kistorii Kommunisticheskoi partii Gruzii, 1:59–63. Jones, pp. 106–7.

95

1. GF IML 8.2.1.20.155–222, Kotsia Kandelaki. RGASPI 558.4.537, D. A. Vadachkoria. Porfiro Kuridze in Batumskaya, pp. 63–70. Chernomorskii Vestnik, 5 Jan. 1902.

96

2. GF IML 8.2.1.20.155–222, Kotsia Kandelaki. Throughout this chapter I have drawn on Batumskaya: Kote Kalandarov, pp. 36–40; Porfiro Lomdzharia, pp. 41–49; Gerasim Kaladze, pp. 49–55; Illarion Darakhvelidze, pp. 55–63; Porfiro Kuridze, pp. 63–70; Khachik Kazarian, pp. 75–78; G. Chkaidze, p. 124; Hashimi Smirba pp. 150–71. GF IML 8.2.1.20, K. Kandelaki. RGASPI 558.4.537, D. A. Vadachkoria (official version Batumskaya, pp. 106–12). Porfiro Kuridze, Bakinsky Rabochyi, 12 Jan. 1937. Chernomorskii Vestnik, 5 Jan. 1902.

97

3. New Year’s Eve: GF IML 8.2.1.20.155–222, Kotsia Kandelaki. Lomdzharia bandit, visits to Tiflis: GDMS 1955–146.29–44, G. Elisabedashvili. GMIKA 18.50, Kote Kalandarov. GMIKA 26.104.33–42, Porfiro Kuridze. Batumi: Annals of the Working Collective Batumi, p. 315. Jones, pp. 28 (Mandelstam quote) and 87–88. Ostrovsky, pp. 170–71. Robert W. Tolf, The Russian Rockefellers: The Saga of the Nobel Family and the Russian Oil Industry, pp. 87–90.

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4. When Porfiro Lomdzharia came out of prison, Jeune gave him 400 roubles for his brother Silvester’s funeral and the substantial sum of 3,000 roubles. Since the Lomdzharia brothers were Stalin’s enforcers with whom he often stayed, it is likely that he was involved. Later, Stalin raised money using protection-rackets, by threatening the families of businessmen or by demanding money in return for not striking. Perhaps the 3,000 roubles was to prevent any more fires at the refinery. RGASPI 161.1.11.GF IML 8.2.1.20.155–222, Kotsia Kandelaki, including Armenian help with printing from Spandarian. Spandarian lover: Nikolaevsky Vulikh in box 207–9. Spandarian, a womanizer and fate of wife of Bolshevik: Olga Spandarian letter to Shaumian in Vestnik Archivov Armenii, no. 1, 1996 “Suren Spandarian in Siberian exile.” RGASPI 558.4.537, D. A. Vadachkoria and official version Batumskaya, pp. 106–12. Bakinsky Rabochyi, 12 Jan. 1937. Porfiro Kuridze. Francois Jeune: Otar Gogolishvili in interview with Ostrovsky, pp. 586–87. Payments to and from Lomdzharia: GARF 102.1900.4871.I. S. Chulek, Ocherki istorii Batumskoi kommunisteskoi organizatsis, Batumi 1970, pp. 90–91.

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5. Kirtava: GF IML 8.2.1.26.22–6 (1934) and 8.2.1.26.36–9 (1937), Natalia Kirtava-Sikharulidze memoirs.