Young Stalin

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5. Khrushchev, 1:301. Khrushchev mentions “first exile” and “Vologda,” which was Stalin’s second exile, but it seems to belong to this first exile.

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6. Lenin, letter to Stalin and Second Congress: Stalin, Works, 6:52–54. Tucker, p. 122. Service, Stalin, pp. 50–55. Iremashvili, pp. 212–13. Uratadze, p. 67. Bibeneishvili, pp. 80–83.

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7. Two escapes: RGASPI 558.4.659 (also Sergei Alliluyev, Proidennyi put, p. 109). RGASPI 558.1.14. RGASPI 558.11.1494, A. Gusinsky. RGASPI 558.4.655, M. I. Kun-garov letter. K. Chernenko, I. V. Stalin v sibirskoi ssilke, pp. 22–25, 32–37. Drink for driver: GF IML 8.5.205. Stalin boasts of tricking peasant driver of sledge and showing sword, as told by Stalin in 1910 to Ivan Kukulava: GF IML 8.2.1.27.202–10. Police spy ID: GF IML 8.2.1.7, D. Vadachkoria. I. Petrov, “Pervye shagi revolyutsionoi deatelnosti tov Stalina,” Molodoi Bolshevik, vol. 21, 1939, p. 25. Sieve: Trotsky, My Life, p. 37. Trotsky in Volkogonov, Trotsky, pp. 44–45. Boots and Sergei Alliluyev’s many escapes: Radzinsky, Stalin, p. 76. Police card: Kun, pp. 62–64. Police: GARF 102.00.1904.6.313, RGASPI 558.4.92. GF IML 8.2.1.9, Anna Nikitin-Geladze. Tsarist agent and escapes: I am indebted in this section, unless specifically attributed, to the researches of Ostrovsky, especially on timing of escape, p. 212; also pp. 431–62 and his analyses of Okhrana and Gendarme archives, 1900–10; on escapes from exile, pp. 431–36; Ostrovsky quote, pp. 436–38; quotation by police official L. A. Rataev, p. 437; money for agents, pp. 438–39; corruption of police Dvali, p. 515, Zubov and Zaitsev, pp. 545–47; Fikus report on intelligence gathering by Stalin, p. 578;on 800-rouble bribe, Y. Sverdlov, Izbrannye proizvedeniya, p. 595. Stalin’s five escapes: Charkviani, “Memoirs.” RGASPI 671.1.287, Turukhansk money receipts, 1913–15, collected by NKVD boss N. I. Yezhov and found in his safe. Ordzhonikidze and Zaitsev: RGASPI 558.4.258. P. A. Japaridze, Vospominaniya o P. A. Japaridze, pp. 61–62. GARF 110.19.119. Stalin meets police official on street and Gendarme tip-offs: GDMS 167, G. Varshamian. GARF 102.00.5–61-A. Tucker, pp. 109–10, quoting Roy Medvedev on story of E. P. Frolov. Roy Medvedev, Let History Judge, pp. 314–24. Service, Stalin, p. 74. For discussion of Eremin letter: Eric Lee, “Eremin Letter: Documentary Proof That Stalin Was Okhrana Spy?” Eremin text in Smith, p. 306. General Ivan Serov memo to First Secretary N. S. Khrushchev and Politburo: RGASPI 558.11.1288, 4 June 1956. Stalin and Spandarian versus Shaumian by Ekaterina Shaumian: Mikoyan, Memoirs, p. 72. Shaumian tensions, Tartars in meetings, Stalin’s protection-rackets, killing informers, Spandarian debauchery, Stalin true boss, gangsterism: Tatiana Vulikh to Boris Nikolaevsky, Nikolaevsky box 207, folder ID 207–9. Uratadze, p. 67. Arsenidze, pp. 72 and 224. Jordania, “Stalin,” in which Jordania quotes Shaumian. Olga Shatunovskaya: RGASPI 558.4.671. Shaumian’s jobs; buy-out from arrest to Capt. Zaitsev: Akopian, Shaumian, pp. 64–76. Prison director Vachiev, 150 roubles each to free prisoners: Iz proshlogo nashei partii: Stati i vospominaniya iz istorii Bakinskoi organizatsii, pp. 146–47. B. Kaptelov and Z. Peregudova, “Byl li Stalin agentom Okhranki?,” Rodina, no. 5, 1989, pp. 67–69. B. Slavin, “Stalin i Okhranka,” Alternativy, no. 1, 1998, pp. 78–81. Okhrana surveillance, 1908–13: Krasny Arkhiv, no. 2 (105), 1941, pp. 4–31. Stalin on betrayal, death: GF IML 8.6.312, D. Chekheidze (Turdospireli). Stalin edits his own Short Course biography including number of arrests: “I. V. Stalin sam o sebe: redakzionnaya pravka sobstennoy biografii,” Izvestiya TsKKPSS, no. 9, 1990.

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8. You cowards and French Revolution book: GF IML 8.2.1.11.125–7, Dmitri Gurgenidze. Stalin’s nationalist views, Batumi, Gori and the Credo: RGASPI 157.1.54, M. Tskhakaya. Service, Stalin, p. 55. S. Kavtaradze unpublished mss—thanks to his daughter Maya Kavtaradze and Zakro Megrilishvili. GF IML 8.2.1.19, S. Kavtaradze. Beaten up and apartments: Ostrovsky, pp. 214–17. Bibineishvili, pp. 79–83. Georgian political nation and Tskhakaya stories by Stalin: Charkviani, “Memoirs.” Marx son of an ass: Sagirashvili, p. 181. For Toroshelidze: Minadora Toroshelidze mss—thanks to Susanna Toroshelidze and Nestan Charkviani. For Shevardian story, see handwritten memoir by Sergei Danielovich Shevardian (Chaverdian): thanks to Claire Mouradian for recording and sharing this source with me.

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9. GF IML 8.2.1.34, Mikheil Monoselidze. Davrichewy, pp. 118.19, 124–25. Catherine Merridale, “The Making of a Moderate Bolshevik.” GF IML 8.5.384.3–10, Autobiographical notes by Kamo. GF IML 8.5.380.5–6, Personal File and Questionnaire, filled in by Kamo on day of his death. GF IML 8.2.1.34.332–4.

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1. Yenukidze, Nashi podpolnye tipografii na Kavkaze, p. 24. Alliluyev Memoirs, pp. 24–27, 36–40, 47–48, 65. Kun, pp. 192–98. Richardson, Long Shadow, p. 117. Beria, p. 150. Pavel Alliluyev on Stalin and Kurnatovsky; and Nadya on mother: Vasileva, Kremlin Wives, pp. 55 and 74. Svetlana Alliluyeva, Dalyokaya muzika, pp. 251–52, and Dvadt-saty pisem, pp. 39–47. Thanks to Gia Tarkhan-Mouravi for this family story in the footnote.

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2. GF IML 8.5.384.3–10, Autobiographical notes by Kamo. GF IML 8.5.380.5–6, Personal File and Questionnaire, filled in by Kamo on day of his death. GF IML 8.2.1.50.239–55, Dzhavaira Khutulashvili nee Ter-Petrossian, Kamo’s sister. I. M. Dubinsky-Mukhadze, Ordzhonikidze, pp. 19–21, and Kamo, p. 19. Theatrical stunt: Susanna Toroshelidze’s interview on her mother, Minadora Ordzhonikidze-Toroshelidze. Newspaper with Makharadze: Jones, p. 109. Marie Arensberg: Essad Bey, p. 94.