Allen Lane, London.
3. Schrodinger, E. (1967). What is life? Mind and matter. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
4. Quoted in Judson, H. F. (1979). The eighth day of creation. Jonathan Cape, London.
3 1 6 G E N O M E
5. Hodges, A. (1997). Turing. Phoenix, London.
6. Campbell, J. (1983). Grammatical man: information, entropy, language and life.
Allen Lane, London.
7. Joyce, G. F. (1989). RNA evolution and the origins of life. Nature 338: 217-24; Unrau, P. J. and Bartel, D. P. (1998). RNA-catalysed nucleotide synthesis. Nature 395: 260—63.
8. Gesteland, R. F. and Atkins, J. F. (eds) (1993). The RNA world. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York.
9. Gold, T. (1992). The deep, hot biosphere. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 89: 6045—49; Gold, T. (1997). An unexplored habitat for life in the universe? American Scientist 85: 408—11.
10. Woese, C. (1998). The universal ancestor. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 95: 6854—9.
11. Poole, A. M., Jeffares, D.C and Penny, D. (1998). The path from the RNA world. Journal of Molecular Evolution 46: 1 —17; Jeffares, D. C, Poole, A. M. and Penny, D. (1998). Relics from the RNA world. Journal of 'Molecular Evolution 46: 18—36.
C H R O M O S O M E 2
The story of human evolution from an ape ancestor has been told and retold many times. Good recent accounts include: N. T. Boa2's Eco homo (Basic Books, 1997), Alan Walker and Pat Shipman's The wisdom of bones (Phoenix, 1996), Richard Leakey and Roger Lewin's Origins reconsidered (Little, Brown, 1992) and Don Johanson and Blake Edgar's magnificently illustrated From Lucy to language (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1996).
1. Kottler, M.J. (1974). From 48 to 46: cytological technique, preconception, and the counting of human chromosomes. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 48: 465 — 502.
2. Young, J. Z. (1950). The life of vertebrates. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
3. Arnason, U., Gullberg, A. and Janke, A. (1998). Molecular timing of primate divergences as estimated by two non-primate calibration points.
Journal of Molecular Evolution 47: 718—27.
4. Huxley, T. H. (1863/1901). Man's place in nature and other anthropological essays, p. 153. Macmillan, London.
B I B L I O G R A P H Y A N D N O T E S 3 1 7
5. Rogers, A. and Jorde, R. B. (1995). Genetic evidence and modern human origins. Human Biology 67: 1—36.
6. Boaz, N. T. (1997). Eco homo. Basic Books, New York.
7. Walker, A. and Shipman, P. (1996). The wisdom of bones. Phoenix, London.
8. Ridley, M. (1996). The origins of virtue. Viking, London.
C H R O M O S O M E 3
There are many accounts of the history of genetics, of which the best is Horace Judson's The eighth day of creation (Jonathan Cape, London, 1979; reprinted by Penguin, 1995). A good account of Mendel's life is found in a novel by Simon Mawer: Mendel's dwarf (Doubleday, 1997).
1. Beam, A. G. and Miller, E. D. (1979). Archibald Garrod and the development of the concept of inborn errors of metabolism. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 53: 315— 28; Childs, B. (1970). Sir Archibald Garrod's conception of chemical individuality: a modern appreciation. New England Journal of Medicine 282: 71—7; Garrod, A. (1909). Inborn errors of metabolism. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
2. Mendel, G. (1865). Versuche uber Pflanzen-Hybriden. Verhandlungen des naturforschenden Vereines in Brunn 4: 3—47. English translation published in the Journal of 'the Royal Horticultural Society, V ol. 26 (1901).
3. Quoted in Fisher, R. A. (1930). The genetical theory of natural selection. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
4. Bateson, W. (1909). Mendel's principles of heredity. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
5. Miescher is quoted in Bodmer, W. and McKie, R. (1994). The book of man.
Little, Brown, London.
6. Dawkins, R. (1995). River out of Eden. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London.
7. Hayes, B. (1998). The invention of the genetic code. American Scientist 86: 8- 14.
8. Scazzocchio, C. (1997). Alkaptonuria: from humans to moulds and back.
