Matt Ridley

11. Associated Press, 8 May 1997; Pinker, S. (1994). The language instinct: the new science of language and mind. Penguin, London.

12. Mineka, S. and Cook, M. (1993). Mechanisms involved in the observa-tional conditioning of fear. Journal of Experimental Psychology, General 122: 23-38.

13. Dawkins, R. (1986). The blind watchmaker. Longman, Essex.

C H R O M O S O M E S X A N D Y

The best place to find out more about intragenomic conflict is in Michael Majerus, Bill Amos and Gregory Hurst's textbook Evolution: the four billion year war (Longman, 1996) and W. D. Hamilton's Narrow roads of gene land (W. H. Freeman, 1995). For the studies that led to the conclusion that homosexuality was partly genetic, see Dean Hamer and Peter Copeland's The science of desire (Simon and Schuster, 1995) and Chandler Burr's A separate creation: how biology makes us gay (Bantam Press, 1996).

1. Amos, W. and Harwood, J. (1998). Factors affecting levels of genetic diversity in natural populations. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 353: 177—86.

2. Rice, W. R. and Holland, B. (1997). The enemies within: intergenomic conflict, interlocus contest evolution (ICE), and the intraspecific Red Queen.

Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 41: 1 —10.

3. Majerus, M., Amos, W. and Hurst, G. (1996). Evolution: the four billion year war. Longman, Essex.

B I B L I O G R A P H Y A N D N O T E S 3 2 3

4. Swain, A., Narvaez, V., Burgoyne, P., Camerino, G. and Lovell-Badge, R. (1998). Daxi antagonises sry action in mammalian sex determination.

Nature 391: 761—7.

5. Hamilton, W. D. (1967). Extraordinary sex ratios. Science 156: 477—88.

6. Amos, W. and Harwood, J. (1998). Factors affecting levels of genetic diversity in natural populations. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 353: 177—86.

7. Rice, W. R. (1992). Sexually antagonistic genes: experimental evidence.

Science 256: 1436—9.

8. Haig, D. (1993). Genetic conflicts in human pregnancy. Quarterly Review of Biology 68: 495 — 531.

9. Holland, B. and Rice, W. R. (1998). Chase-away sexual selection: antagonistic seduction versus resistance. Evolution 52: 1—7.

10. Rice, W. R. and Holland, B. (1997). The enemies within: intergenomic conflict, interlocus contest evolution (ICE), and the intraspecific Red Queen.

Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 41: 1 —10.

11. Hamer, D. H., Hu, S., Magnuson, V. L., Hu, N. et al (1993). A linkage between DNA markers on the X chromosome and male sexual orientation.

Science 261:321-7; Pillard, R. C. and Weinrich, J. D. (1986). Evidence of familial nature of male homosexuality. Archives of General Psychiatry 43: 808—12.

12. Bailey, J. M. and Pillard, R. C. (1991). A genetic study of male sexual orientation. Archives of General Psychiatry 48: 1089—96; Bailey, J. M. and Pillard, R. C. (1995). Genetics of human sexual orientation. Annual Review of Sex Research 6: 126—50.

13. Hamer, D. H., Hu, S., Magnuson, V. L., Hu, N. et al. (1993). A linkage between DNA markers on the X chromosome and male sexual orientation.

Science 261: 321—7.

14. Bailey, J. M., Pillard, R. C, Dawood, K., Miller, M. B., Trivedi, S., Farrer, L. A. and Murphy, R. L.; in press. A family history study of male sexual orientation: no evidence for X-linked transmission. Behaviour Genetics.

15. Blanchard, R. (1997). Birth order and sibling sex ratio in homosexual versus heterosexual males and females. Annual Review of Sex Research 8: 27-67.

16. Blanchard, R. and Klassen, P. (1997). H-Y antigen and homosexuality in men. Journal of Theoretical Biology 185:373-8; Arthur, B. I., Jallon, J.-M., Caflisch, B., Choffat, Y. and Nothiger, R. (1998). Sexual behaviour in Drosophila is irreversibly programmed during a critical period. Current Biology 8: 1187-90.

17. Hamilton, W. D. (1995). Narrow roads of gene land, Vol. 1. W. H. Freeman, Basingstoke.

3 2 4 G E N O M E

C H R O M O S O M E 8

Again, one of the best sources on mobile genetic elements is the textbook by Michael Majerus, Bill Amos and Gregory Hurst: Evolution: the jour billion year war (Longman, 1996). A good account of the invention of genetic fingerprinting is in Walter Bodmer and Robin McKie's The book of man (Little, Brown, 1994). Sperm competition theory is explored in Tim Birkhead and Anders Moller's Sperm competition in birds (Academic Press, 1992).

1. Susan Blackmore explained this trick in her article 'The power of the meme meme' in the Skeptic, Vol. 5 no. 2, p. 45.

2. Kazazian, H. H. and Moran, J. V. (1998). The impact of Li retrotransposons on the human genome.