63–4; William E. Dodd and Martha Dodd (eds.), Ambassador Dodd’s Diary, 1933–1938, London, 1941, 346; Schmidt, 337–8; Mandell, 156–8.

17. Mandell, 206–7; Hohne, 352.

18. Hohne, 352. The racial, as well as nationalist, overtones had been obvious in German reactions to the unexpected victory of the heavyweight boxing hero Max Schmeling over the presumed invincible ‘Black Bomber’, Joe Louis, in New York on 18 June 1936. Goebbels, listening to the fight at 3.00a.m., noted in his diary: in the 12th round, Schmeling knocks out the negro. Wonderful. A dramatic, exciting fight. Schmeling has fought and won for Germany. The white man over the black man, and the white man was a German.’ (Die Tagebucher von Joseph Goebbels. Samtliche Fragmente, Teil I, Aufzeichnungen 1924–1941, 4 Bde., ed. Elke Frohlich, Munich etc., 1987 (TBJG), vol.2, 630 (20 June 1936); and see Mandell, 117–21.

19. Kruger, 200.

20. Kruger, 201; Mandell, 138–9.

21. Kruger, 196.

22. Hohne, 351–2. The US Ambassador Dodd was not among them. He thought the propaganda had pleased the Germans, but had ‘had a bad influence on foreigners’. (Dodd, 349. Most eyewitnesses appear to have had a far more favourable impression.)

23. William Shirer, Berlin Diary, 1934–1941, Sphere Books edn, London, 1970, 58 (16 August 1936).

24. Viktor Klemperer, Ich will Zeugnis ablegen bis zum letzten. Tagebucher 1933– 1941, 2 vols., ed. Walter Nowojski and Hadwig Klemperer, Darmstadt, 1998, i.293 (13 August 1936).

25. Melita Maschmann, Fazit. Mein Weg in die Hitler-Jugend, 5th paperback edn, Munich, 1983, 30–31.

26. Dieter Petzina, Autarkiepolitik im Dritten Reich. Der nationalsozialistische Vierjahresplan, Stuttgart, 1968, 35.

27. Petzina, 37.

28. Hjalmar Schacht, Abrechung mit Hitler, Berlin/Frankfurt am Main, 1949, 61–2; and see Hohne, 375.

29. Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg, 6 vols, so far published, ed. Militargeschichtliches Forschungsamt, Stuttgart, 1979 (=DRZW), i.431–3.

30. Niedersachsisches Staatsarchiv, Oldenburg, Best.131 Nr.303, Fol.131V.

31. See Hohne, 373.

32. Petzina, 46.

33. Stefan Martens, Herman Goring. ‘Erster Paladin des Fuhrers’ und ‘Zweiter Mann im Reich’, Paderborn, 1985, 68–9; Petzina, 35–40; Hohne, 377–8.

34. Petzina, 39.

35. Der Proze? gegen die Hauptkriegsverbrecher vor dem Internationalen Militargerichtshof. Nurn-berg, 14. November 1945–1 Oktober 1946, 42 vols. (=1MG) ix.319; Arthur Schweitzer, Big Business in the Third Reich, Bloomington, 1964, 544; Petzina, 40; Martens, 69.

36. IMG, ix.319; Petzina, 35–40; Martens, 69; Alfred Kube, Pour le merite und Hakenkreuz. Hermann Goring im Dritten Reich, Munich, 1986, 140–41.

37. Carl Vincent Krogmann, Es ging um Deutschlands Zukunft 1932–1939, Leoni am Starnberger See, 1976, 272.

38. TBJG, I/2, 607 (3 May 1936).

39. See TBJG, I/2, 701 (20 October 1936): ‘Die Energie bringt er mit, ob auch die wirtschaftl. Kenntnis und Erfahrung? Wer wei?! Immerhin wind er viel Wind machen.’ After the war, Goring himself acknowledged that it had been his task, in confronting the raw-materials difficulties, to deploy his energy ‘not as an expert, but as a driving-force {Treiber)’ (IMG, ix.319).

40. Hohne, 379; Petzina, 44–5; Peter Hayes, Industry and Ideology. IG Farben in the Nazi Era, Cambridge, 1987, 150ff.; DRZW, i.278ff.

41. Hohne, 380; Berenice Carroll, Design for Total War. Arms and Economics in the Third Reich, The Hague/Paris, 1968, ch.7.

42. Cit. Kube, 152.

43. Kube, 152–3; Hohne, 380.

44. See Alfred Sohn-Rethel, Okonomie und Klassenstruktur des deutschen Faschismus, Frankfurt am Main, 1973, 139–41, for Goring’s reminders to Hitler in autumn 1935 about his coming war against the Soviet Union.

45. Marquess of Londonderry (Charles S. H. Vane-Tempest-Stewart), Ourselves and Germany, London, 1938, 94–103. Lord Londonderry’s personal papers in the Public Record Office, Belfast, contain a description of his visit to Germany (D3099/2/19/8, 9A-9B), but deal only in the briefest terms with his interview with Hitler. The account which formed the basis for his printed comments appears to be missing from the file. In the audience he granted Londonderry, Hitler was, of course, trying to impress upon his guest the need for Britain to develop close links with Germany. (As the Londonderry papers show, the German leadership greatly overestimated his influence at the time within Britain.) But this does not meant that Hitler’s feelings about Bolshevism were not genuine. In fact, Londonderry was little moved by them, pointing out that the Bolshevik danger was seen as far less important in Britain. He was more interested in the colonial question. On the Londonderry visit, see also Schmidt, 338–42.

46. TBJG, I/2.622 (9 June 1936).

47. TBJG, I/2.644 (17 July 1936).

48. Nicholas Mosley, Beyond the Pale: Sir Oswald Mosley, 19 33– 1980, London, 1983, 72. On the Mitford sisters, see Robert Skidelsky, Oswald Mosley, London, 1981, 340–41; and Richard Griffiths, Fellow Travellers of the Right. British Enthusiasts for Nazi Germany, 1933–9, London, 1980, 171ff.

49. TBJG, I/2, 646 (22 July 1936). Goebbels found the Mitfords ‘boring as ever’ (I/2, 646 (21 July 1936)).

50. See Paul Preston, Franco. A Biography, London, 1993, 159; Hans-Adolf Jacobsen, National-sozialistische Au?enpolitik 1933–1938, Frankfurt am Main/Berlin, 1968, 422–4.

51. Hohne, 356–7.

52. Preston, I28ff.

53. Preston, 140–58.

54. Kube, 163–6. And see Weinberg I, 289–90.

55. Kube, 164.

56. Hans-Henning Abendroth, ‘Deutschlands Rolle im Spanischen Burgerkrieg’, in Manfred Funke (ed.), Hitler, Deutschland und die Machte. Materialien zur Au?enpolitik des Dritten Reiches, Dusseldorf, 1978, 471–88, here 472–3; Preston, 158–9.

57. Abendroth, 474.

58. DGFP, D, III, 10–11, No.10, Memorandum of the Director of the Political Department of the Foreign Office, Dr Hans Heinrich Dieckhoff, 25 July 1936. According to Kube, 164, Bohle and He? tried to take up the matter with the Foreign Office, and almost certainly, too, with Goring.

59. Abendroth, 474.

60. DGFP, D, III, 6–7, N0.4; Abendroth, 474–5.

61. Implied in the account of Kube, 164–5.

62. Abendroth, 475.

63. Kube, 165, n.11.

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