accurate compilations of modern American military operations abroad are William Blum, Killing Hope: U.S. Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II (Monroe, ME: Common Courage Press, 1995); and Clara Nieto, Masters of War: Latin America and U.S. Aggression (New York: Seven Stories Press, 2003). Also see Bernard Chazelle, “Anti-Americanism: A Clinical Study,” September 2004, http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~chazelle/politics/antiam-print.html.
18. Minxin Pei and Sara Kasper, “Lessons From the Past: The American Record on Nation Building,” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Policy Brief no. 24, May 2003; Roger Morris (a former member of the National Security Council staff), “Freedom, American Style “ Los Angeles Times, April 23, 2003; Abid Aslam, “U.S. Selling More Weapons to Undemocratic Regimes That Support ’War on Terror,’” Common Dreams News Center, May 25, 2005.
19. See Richard Norton-Taylor, “Both the Military and the Spooks are Opposed to War in Iraq,” Guardian, February 24, 2003, http://politics.guardian.co.uk/print/0,3858,4611927- 103677,00.html. For a remarkably accurate, if fictional, treatment of how the CIA goes about overthrowing a regime that is no longer useful to the United States and installing a puppet government, see Henry Bromell, Little America (New York: Vintage, 2002).
20. Walter Karp (1934-1989), a theorist of republicanism and for a decade a contributing editor of Harper’s Magazine, argues, “There is not a single modern American war which was forced upon the United States by compelling interest of any kind, yet every one of America’s wars since 1898 the party oligarchs gave unmistakable signs of welcoming: by fabricating incidents, by carrying out secret provocations, by concocting far-fetched theories— ’dominoes’ in one war, ’neutral rights’ in another, ’collective security’ in a third—to demonstrate an American interest not otherwise apparent and to hold up to the American people a foreign menace not otherwise menacing.” See Indispensable Enemies: The Politics of Misrule in America (New York: Franklin Square Press, 1993), p. 264.
21. On secrecy in American overt and covert military activities abroad, see William M. Arkin, Code Names: Deciphering U.S. Military Plans, Programs, and Operations in the 9/11 World (Hanover, NH: Steerforth Press, 2005).
22. Andrew J. Bacevich, The New American Militarism: How Americans Are Seduced by War (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), p. 2.
23. See, inter alia, John W. Dean, Worse than Watergate: The Secret Presidency of George W. Bush (New York: Warner Books, 2005); James Bovard, The Bush Betrayal (New York: Palgrave-Macmillan, 2004); Anthony Lewis, “One Liberty at a Time,” Mother Jones, May-June 2004; Michael Lind, “How a Superpower Lost Its Stature,” Financial Times, June 1, 2004; and Jim VandeHei, “GOP Tilting Balance of Power to the Right,” Washington Post, May 26, 2005.
24. Hannah Arendt, Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil (New York: Viking, 1963). I have used the revised and enlarged edition, New York: Penguin, 1994.
25. Arendt, Responsibility and Judgment, p. 159.
26. Ibid., p. 160.
27. Ibid., p. xxix.
28. Ibid., p. 187.
29. Ibid., p. 160.
30. Mark Danner, “Abu Ghraib: The Hidden Story,” New York Review of Books, October 7, 2004, p. 49. The most important book on the history of a distinctively American form of torture, developed by the CIA and employed throughout Afghanistan and Iraq, is Alfred W. McCoy, A Question of Torture: CIA Interrogation, from the Cold War to the War on Terror (New York: Metropolitan, 2006).
31. Seymour M. Hersh, “The Gray Zone: How a Secret Pentagon Program Came to Abu Ghraib,” New Yorker, May 24, 2004, http://www.newyorker.com/fact/content/?040524fa_fact; John Shattuck, former assistant secretary of state for democracy, human rights, and labor, “On Abu Ghraib: One Sergeant’s Courage a Model for U.S. Leaders,” Christian Science Monitor, May 16, 2005.
32. Lawrence Smallman, “Rumsfeld Cracks Jokes, but Iraqis Aren’t Laughing,” Al Jazeera (English), April 12, 2003.
33. Michael Isikoff, “2002 Memo Reveals Push for Broader Presidential Powers,” Newsweek, December 18, 2004.
34. “Gen. Richard Myers on ’Fox News Sunday,’” transcript, Fox News, May 2, 2004. Also see Gary Younge and Julian Borger, “CBS Delayed Report on Iraqi Prison Abuse After Military Chief’s Plea,” Guardian, May 4, 2004.
35. Statement of Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, December 5, 2005, in “Rice Says United States Does Not Torture Terrorists,” FindLaw, December 5, 2005, http://news.fmdlaw.com/scripts/printer_friendly.pl? page=/wash/s/20051205/20051205124753.html.
36. “Powell Discusses Future Roles of U.N., Coalition on German TV, April 3, 2003,” State Department transcript, http://www.usembassy.it/file2003_04/alia/A3040414.htm.
37. See George Hicks, The Comfort Women: Japans Brutal Regime of Enforced Prostitution in the Second World War (New York: W. W. Norton, 1994); Yoshiaki Yoshimi, Comfort Women: Sexual Slavery in the Japanese Military During World War II (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000); Yuki Tanaka, Japans Comfort Women: Sexual Slavery and Prostitution during World War II and the U.S. Occupation (New York: Routledge, 2002).
38. U.S. Air Force Pamphlet 14-210, February 1998. On the history of concepts like “collateral damage” and their uses as propaganda, see David Barsamian, interview with Noam Chomsky, “Collateral Language,” Z Magazine Online 16, no. 7/8 (July-August 2003), http://zmagsite.zmag.org/Aug2003/barsamianpr0803.html.
39. “Geneva Conventions,” Encarta Online Encyclopedia, 2005, http://encarta.msn.com/text_762529232l/Geneva_Conventions.html. See also Anthony Gregory,” ’Collateral Damage’ as Euphemism for Mass Murder,” LewRock well.com, April 30, 2005, http://www.lewrockwell.com/gregory/gregory72.html.
