86. Editorial, “A Very Bad Deal,” New York Times, October 8, 2004.
87. The basic source is Harlan K. Ullman and James P. Wade, Shock and Awe: Achieving Rapid Dominance (Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, 1996), http://www.ndu.edu/inss/books/books%20-%201996/Shock%20and%20Awe%20-%20Dec%2096/index.html (note that the military strategists who wrote this book misspell “blitzkrieg” throughout). See also Susan Sontag, “Regarding the Torture of Others,1’ New York Times, May 23, 2004.
88. Woodward, Bush at Wan p. 96.
89. Naomi Klein, “Torture’s Part of the Territory,” Los Angeles Times, June 7, 2005. See also William Pfaff, “The Truth About Torture,” American Conservative, February 15, 2005, http://amconmag.com/2005_02_14/print/articleprintl.html.
90. David Brooks, “The Age of Conflict: Politics and Culture after September 11,” Weekly Standard 7, no. 8 (November 5, 2001).
91. Tim Golden, “After Terror, a Secret Rewriting of Military Law,” New York Times, October 24, 2004.
92. “Working Group Report on Detainee Interrogations in the Global War on Terrorism: Assessment of Legal, Historical, Policy, and Operations Considerations,” March 6, 2003, classified secret, “no foreign dissemination,” http://www.yirmeyahureview.com/archive/documents/prisoner_abuse/detainee_interrogations_in_the_global_war_ on_terrorism.htm. In regard to John Yoo, see also Maria L. La Ganga, “Scholar Calmly Takes Heat for His Memos on Torture,” Los Angeles Times, May 16, 2005.
93. Karen J. Greenberg and Joshua L. Dratel, “Interrogating Donald Rumsfeld,” TomDispatch.com,, January 11, 2005, http://www.tomdispatch.com/index.mhtml?pid=2116.
94. Edward Alden, “Attempt to Find Legal Justification for Torture Leaves Lawyers Aghast,” Financial Times, June 10, 2004; and Editorial, “Torturing the Law, if not Prisoners,” Financial Times, December 8, 2004.
95. Sodei Rinjiro, “Remember in re Yamashita [327 US 1 (1946)]!’ Japan Focus,http://www.japanfocus.org/116.html. See also Andrew J. Bacevich, “Command Responsibility,” Washington Post, June 28, 2005.
96. Human Rights Watch says that Rumsfeld may bear “command responsibility” for abuse in Iraq and asks that the United States name a special prosecutor to investigate his role. “Demand for Rumsfeld Abuse Inquiry,” BBC News, May 24, 2005, http://news.bbc.co.Uk/2/hi/americas/4475133.stm.
97. Hersh, “Gray Zone”; Arkin, Code Names, p. 321, s.v. “Copper Green.”
98. Quoted by Dana Priest, “Spirited Debate Preceded Policies,” Washington Post, June 23, 2004, http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A61942-2004Jun22?language=printer.
99. Josh White, “U.S. Generals in Iraq Were Told of Abuse Early, Inquiry Finds,” Washington Post, December 1, 2004.
100. Sidney Blumenthal,” Abuse’? How About Torture?” Salon, May 6, 2004; Editorial, “Mr. Rumsfeld’s Responsibility” Washington Post, May 6, 2004; Bob Herbert, “The Rumsfeld Stain,” New York Times, May 23, 2005.
101. On the use of women in the armed forces as torturers, see Erik Saar, Inside the Wire: A Military Intelligence Soldier’s Eyewitness Account of Life at Guantanamo, with Viveca Novak (New York: Penguin, 2005); Philip Kennicott, “A Wretched Picture of America,” Washington Post, May 5, 2004; Marie Cocco, “Chain of Prisoner Abuse Starts at the Top,” Newsday, May 24, 2005; Daniel Eisenberg and Timothy J. Burger, “What’s Going on at Gitmo?” Time, June 6, 2005, pp. 30-31; Adam Zagorin and Michael Duffy, “Inside the Interrogation of Detainee 063,” Time, June 20, 2005, pp. 26-33.
102. Quoted by Seymour M. Hersh, “Torture at Abu Ghraib,” New Yorker, May10,2004, p. 43. For the text of General Taguba’s report, see http://www.antiwar.com/article.php? articleid=2479. For the 279 photographs and 19videos from the army’s internal investigation of torture at Abu Ghraib, see Joan Walsh, “The Abu Ghraib Files,” Salon, March 14, 2006, http.7/www.salon.com/news/abu_ghraib/2006/03/14/introduction/print.html.
103. “Gen. Richard Myers,” Fox News.
104. Associated Press, “Army Probe Finds Abuse at Jail near Mosul,” March 26, 2005.
105. Suzanne Goldenberg, “Former Guantanamo Chief Clashed with Army Interrogators,” Guardian, May 19, 2004, http://www.guardian.co.uk/print/0,3858,4927249- 111575,00.html; Peter Spiegel and Edward Alden, “Focus Back on General in Charge of Detention,” Financial Times, June 10, 2004.
106. Dan Eggen and R. Jeffrey Smith, “FBI Agents Allege Abuse of Detainees at Guantanamo,” Washington Post, December 21, 2004, http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp- dyn/A14936-2004Dec20?language=printer.
107. Reuters, “Red Cross: Guantanamo Tactics ’Tantamount to Torture,’” November 30, 2004.
108. Rose, “Truth about Camp Delta.”
109. Scott Higham, Josh White, and Christian Davenport, “A Prison on the Brink: Usual Military Checks and Balances Went Missing,” Washington Post, May 9, 2004.
110. James Sturcke, “General Approved Extreme Interrogation Methods,” Guardian, March 30, 2005, http://www.guardian.co.uk/print/0,3858,5158950-103550,00.html; Andrew Buncombe, “Green Light for Iraqi Prison Abuse Came from the Top,” Independent, April 3, 2005, http://news.independent.co.uk/low_res/story.jsp?story-6259098chost=38cdir=70.
111. Will Dunham, “U.S. General Urged ’Outer Limits’ Iraq Interrogation,” Reuters, May 2, 2006, http://www.alertnet.org/printable.htm?URL=/thenews/newsdesk/N02295252.htm.
112. U.S. Department of Defense, Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Public Affairs), “General Officer Assignments,” news release no. 203-04, March 22, 2004; ibid., no. 1210-04, November 24, 2004; Gerry J. Gilmore, “Casey Takes Over Iraq Commander’s Reins from Sanchez,” American Forces Press Service, July 1, 2004; Reuters, “U.S. Replaces General Who Ran Prisons in Iraq,” ABC News, November 24, 2004; Eric
