San Diego Union-Tribune, May 23, 2005.
67. Les Roberts, Riyadh Lafta, Richard Garfield, James Khudhairi, and Gilbert Burnham, “Mortality Before and After the 2003 Invasion of Iraq,” Lancet 364, no. 9448 (October 29, 2004), pp. 1857–64, summary, http://www.countthecasualties.org.uk/docs/robertsetal.pdf. See also Emma Ross, “Household Survey Sees 100,000 Iraqi Deaths,” Newsday, October 29, 2004; “1,000 Iraqis Dying Each Month: Expert,” Daily Telegraph, April 22, 2005.
68. Iraq Body Count Database, http://www.iraqbodycount.net/database/; Eisner, “U.S. Seen as Unaccountable.”
69. Roberts, Lafta, Garfield, Khudhairi, and Burnham, “Mortality.”
70. James Carroll, “Was the War Necessary?” Boston Globe, July 22, 2003; Douglas Jehl and Eric Schmitt, “Errors Are Seen in Early Attacks on Iraqi Leaders,” New York Times, June 23, 2004; Jeremy Scahill, “The Other Bomb Drops,” Nation, June 1, 2005.
71. Jeffrey D. Sachs, “Iraq’s Civilian Dead Get No Hearing in the United States,” Daily Star (Lebanon), December 2, 2004, http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_ID- 10&article_ID-10594&categ_id-5. The best treatment of the social meaning of bombing and of how little “civilization” has affected the international law covering it is Sven Lindqvist, A History of Bombing, trans. Linda Haverty Rugg (New York: New Press, 2001). His main conclusion: “The laws of war protect enemies of the same race, class, and culture. The laws of war leave the foreign and the alien without protection.”
72. Editorial, “A Failure of Leadership at the Highest Levels,” Army Times, May 17, 2004, http://www.armytimes.com/print.php?f=1-292925-2903288.php. See also Charles Aldinger, “Rumsfeld Criticized by Influential Military Paper,” Reuters, May 10, 2004.
73. Edward Alden, Peter Spiegel, and Demetri Sevastopulo, “Chain of Command: Can Torture in Iraq Be Linked to the White House?” Financial Times, June 17, 2004.
74. Quoted by Arendt, Eichmann in Jerusalem, p. 247.
75. Richard A. Clarke, Against All Enemies: Inside America’s War on Terror (New York: Free Press, 2004), p. 24.
76. Timothy Garton Ash, “The Forward March of Liberty Has Been Halted— Even Reversed,” Guardian, November 17, 2005, http://www.guardian.co.uk/print/0,3858,5334944- 103677,00.html.
77. Richard A. Serrano, “Lindh Case Possible Sign of Abuse; Captors Instructed to ’Take Gloves Off while Questioning,” Los Angeles Times, June 9, 2004. Also see “A TomDispatch Interview with Mark Danner,” TomDispatch.com,, February 26, 2006, http://www.tomdispatch.com/index.mhtmPpid-63903; William Pfaff, “Torture: Shock, Awe, and the Human Body,” International Herald Tribune, December 21, 2004, http://www.commondreams.org/views04/1221-30.htm.
78. Dave Lindorff, “A First Glance at Bush’s Torture Show: John Walker Lindh Revisited,” Counterpunch, June 5/6,2004.
79. McCoy, A Question of Torture; and McCoy, “The Bush Legacy of Legalized Torture,” TomDispatch.com,, February 8, 2006, http://www.tomdispatch.com/index.mhtml?pid=57336.
80. Bob Woodward, Bush at War (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002), pp. 76- 77; Kenneth Roth, “The Law of War in the War on Terror,” Foreign Affairs 83, no. 1 (January/February 2004), pp. 2-7; “CIA Renditions of Terror Suspects Are ’Out of Control’: Report,” Agence France-Presse, February 6, 2005; Douglas Jehl and David Johnston, “Rule Change Lets CIA Freely Send Suspects Abroad,” New York Times, March 6, 2005; Jeffrey St. Clair, “The Road to Rendition: Torture Air, Incorporated,” Counterpunch, April 9/10,2005.
81. “U.S. Army Failed to Conduct Full Probe into Iraqi Torture Claims: Rights Group,” Agence France-Presse, January 24, 2005; Matt Kelley, Associated Press, “U.S. Holds About 10,500 Prisoners in Iraq,” San Francisco Chronicle, March 30, 2005; “U.S. and Iraq Lock Up Record Number of Suspects,” Agence France-Presse, April 10, 2005; Sidney Blumenthal, “See No Evil,” Salon, June 1, 2005, http://fairuse.laccesshost.com/news2/blumenthal-see-no-evil.html.
82. Matthew Rothschild, “Stripping Rumsfeld and Bush of Impunity,” Progressive, July 2005, http://www.truthout.org/docs_2005/052805X.shtml. It should be noted that although the United States ratified the International Convention Against Torture in 1994, it tried during July 2002 to block the U.N.’s measures to create enforcement mechanisms but failed in the attempt. See Patrick Martin, “U.S. Seeks to Block Enforcement of Anti-Torture Treaty,” World Socialist Web site, August 5, 2002, http://www.wsws.org/articles/2002/aug2002/tort-a05_prn.shtml. For key excerpts from the Convention Against Torture, see Philippe Sands, Lawless World: America and the Making and Breaking of Global Rules from FDR’s Atlantic Charter to George W Bush’s Illegal War (New York: Viking, 2005), pp. 257-60.
83. The basic sources are Karen J. Greenberg and Joshua L. Dratel, eds., The Torture Papers: The Road to Abu Ghraib (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005); Mark Danner, Torture and Truth: America, Abu Ghraib, and the War on Terror (New York: New York Review of Books, 2004); and Jeremy Brecher, Jill Cutler, and Brendan Smith, eds., In the Name of Democracy: American War Crimes in Iraq and Beyond (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2005). See also Katharine Q. Seelye, “A P.O.W. Tangle: What the Law Says,” New York Times, January 29, 2002; Lisa Hajjar, “In the Penal Colony,” Nation, February 7, 2005, pp. 23-30; Rachel Meeropol, ed., America’s Disappeared: Secret Imprisonment, Detainees, and the “War on Terror” (New York: Seven Stories Press, 2005); and Rothschild, “Stripping Rumsfeld and Bush of Impunity.”
84. Seymour M. Hersh, Chain of Command: The Road from 9/11 to Abu Ghraib (New York: HarperCollins, 2004), p. 51.
85. David Rose, “The Truth about Camp Delta,” Observer, October 3, 2004, http://www.guardian.co.uk/print/0,3858,5030363-l11575,00.html; David Rose, Guantanamo: The War on Human Rights (New York: New Press, 2004); Jane Mayer, “Outsourcing Torture,” New Yorker, February 14, 2005; Bob Herbert, “Is No One Accountable?” New York Times, March 28, 2005. A New York Times editorial stated, “Report after report shows that a vast majority of those swept up in American anti-terrorism campaigns were innocent”; see “Self-Inflicted Wounds,” New York Times, February 15, 2005. Also see Steve Crawshaw, “Torture Doesn’t Work,” Prospect Magazine, no. 122, May 2006, http://www.prospect- magazine.co.uk/printarticle.php?id-7440.
