Биология добра и зла. Как наука объясняет наши поступки

Genetics 26 (1996): 409. Смешанные результаты: L. Gutknecht et al. “Long-Term Effect of Placental Type on Anthropometrical and Psychological Traits Among Monozygotic Twins: A Follow Up Study,” Twin Res 2 (1999): 212; D. K. Sokol et al., “Intrapair Differences in Personality and Cognitive Ability Among Young Monozygotic Twins Distinguished by Chorion Type,” Behav Genetics 25 (1996): 457; A. C. Bogle et al., “Replication of Asymmetry of a-b Ridge Count and Behavioral Discordance in Monozygotic Twins,” Behav Genetics 24 (1994): 65; J. O. Davis et al., “Prenatal Development of Monozygotic Twins and Concordance for Schizophrenia,” Schizophrenia Bull 21 (1995): 357. Доказательство против: Y. M. Hur, “Effects of the Chorion Type on Prosocial Behavior in Young South Korean Twins,” Twin Res and Hum Genetics 10 (2007): 773; M. C. Wichers et al., “Chorion Type and Twin Similarity for Child Psychiatric Symptoms,” AGP 59 (2002): 562; P. Welch et al., “Placental Type and Bayley Mental Development Scores in 18 Month Old Twins,” in Twin Research: Psychology and Methodology, ed. L. Gedda et al. (New York: Alan R Liss, 1978), pp. 34–41. Цитата из: C. A. Prescott et al., “Chorion Type as a Possible Influence on the Results and Interpretation of Twin Study Data,” Twin Res 2 (1999): 244.

419

R. Simon and H. Alstein, Adoption, Race and Identity: From Infancy to Young Adulthood (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 2002); Child Welfare League of America, Standards of Excellence: Standards of Excellence for Adoption Services, rev. ed. (Washington, DC: Child Welfare League of America, 2000); M. Bohman, Adopted Children and Their Families: A Follow-up Study of Adopted Children, Their Background, Environment and Adjustment (Stockholm: Proprius, 1970).

420

L. J. Kamin and A. S. Goldberger, “Twin Studies in Behavioral Research: A Skeptical View,” Theoretical Population Biol 61 (2002): 83.

421

M. Stoolmiller, “Correcting Estimates of Shared Environmental Variance for Range Restriction in Adoption Studies Using a Truncated Multivariate Normal Model,” Behav Gen 28 (1998) 429; M. Stoolmiller, “Implications of Restricted Range of Family Environments for Estimates of Heritability and Nonshared Environment in Behavior-Genetic Adoption Studies,” Psych Bull 125 (1999): 392; M. McGue et al., “The Environments of Adopted and Non-adopted Youth: Evidence on Range Restriction from the Sibling Interaction and Behavior Study (SIBS),” Behav Gen 37 (2007): 449.

422

R. Ebstein et al., “Genetics of Human Social Behavior,” Neuron 65 (2008): 831.

423

Этот пример взят у N. Block, “How Heritability Misleads About Race,” Cog 56 (1995): 99–128.

424

D. Moore, The Dependent Gene: The Fallacy of “Nature Versus Nurture” (NY: Holt, 2001); M. Ridley, Nature via Nurture (New York: HarperCollins, 2003); A. Tenesa and C. Haley, “The Heritability of Human Disease: Estimation, Uses and Abuses,” Nat Rev Genetics 14 (2013): 139; P. Schonemann, “On Models and Muddles of Heritability,” Genetica 99 (1997): 97.

425

T. Bouchard and M. McGue, “Genetic and Environmental Influences on Human Psychological Differences,” J Neurobiol 54 (2003): 4.

426

L. E. Duncan and M. C. Keller, “A Critical Review of the First 10 Years of Candidate Gene-by-Environment Interaction Research in Psychiatry,” Am J Psychiatry 168 (2011): 1041; S. Manuck and J. McCaffery, “Gene-Environment Interaction,” Ann Rev of Psych 65 (2014): 41.

427

A. Caspi et al., “Influence of Life Stress on Depression: Moderation by a Polymorphism in the 5-HTT Gene,” Sci 297 (2002): 851.

428

A. Caspi et al., “Moderation of Breastfeeding Effects on the IQ by Genetic Variation in Fatty Acid Metabolism,” PNAS 104 (2007): 18860; B. K. Lipska and D. R. Weinberger, “Genetic Variation in Vulnerability to the Behavioral Effects of Neonatal Hippocampal Damage in Rats,” PNAS 92 (1995): 8906.

429

J. Crabbe et al., “Genetics of Mouse Behavior: Interactions with Laboratory Environment,” Sci 284 (1999): 1670.

430

Отличный пример двойного воздействия окружающей среды: N. P. Daskalakis et al., “The Three-Hit Concept of Vulnerability and Resilience: Toward Understanding Adaptation to Early-Life Adversity Outcome,” PNE 38 (2013): 1858.

431

E. Turkheimer et al., “Socioeconomic Status Modifies Heritability of IQ in Young Children,” Psych Sci 14 (2003): 623; E. M. Tucker-Drob et al., “Emergence of a Gene × Socioeconomic Status Interaction on Infant Mental Ability Between 10 Months and 2 Years,” Psych Sci 22 (2010): 125; M. Rhemtulla and E. M. Tucker-Drob, “Gene-by-Socioeconomic Status Interaction on School Readiness,” Behav Genetics 42 (2012): 549; D. Reiss et al., “How Genes and the Social Environment Moderate Each Other,” Am J Public Health 103 (2013): S111; S. A. Hart et al., “Expanding the Environment: Gene × School-Level SES Interaction on Reading Comprehension,” J Child Psych and Psychiatry 54 (2013): 1047; J. R. Koopmans et al., “The Influence of Religion on Alcohol Use Initiation: Evidence for Genotype × Environment Interaction,” Behav Genetics 29 (1999): 445.

432

S. Nielsen et al., “Prevalence of Alcohol Problems Among Adult Somatic Inpatients of a Copenhagen Hospital,” Alcohol and Alcoholism 29 (1994): 583; S. Manuck et al., “Aggression and Anger-Related Traits Associated with a Polymorphism of the Tryptophan Hydroxylase Gene,” BP 45 (1999): 603; J. Hennig et al., “Two Types of Aggression Are Differentially Related to Serotonergic Activity and the A779C TPH Polymorphism,” Behav Nsci 119 (2005): 16; A. Strobel et al., “Allelic Variation in 5-HT1A Receptor Expression Is Associated with Anxiety- and Depression-Related Personality Traits,” J Neural Transmission 110 (2003): 1445; R. Parsey et al., “Effects of Sex, Age, and Aggressive Traits in Man on Brain Serotonin 5-HT1A Receptor Binding Potential Measured by PET Using [C-11] WAY-100635,” Brain Res 954 (2002): 173; A. Benko et al., “Significant Association Between the C(-1019)G Functional Polymorphism of the HTR1A Gene and Impulsivity,” Am J Med Genetics, Part B,