Gratian, Decretum, pt. II, causa X, Q. II, c. III, and causa XII, Q. II, c. XXXIX. ↩
Summa Theol., 1a 2ae, Q. XCIV, art. V, § 3. ↩
An article of the German Peasants’ program in 1525 declared: “For men to hold us as their own property … is pitiable enough, considering that Christ has delivered and redeemed us all, the lowly as well as the great, without exception, by the shedding of His precious blood. Accordingly it is consistent with Scripture that we should be free.” (The program is printed in J. S. Schapiro, Social Reform and the Reformation, 1909, pp. 137–42.) The rebels under Ket prayed “that all bondmen may be made free, for God freed them all with His precious blood-shedding” (printed in Bland, Brown, and Tawney, English Economic History, Select Documents, pt. II, sect. I, no. 8). ↩
A Lecture on the Study of History, delivered at Cambridge, June 11, 1895, by Lord Acton, p. 9. ↩
W. Sombart (Der moderne Kapitalismus, 1916, vol. I, pp. 524–6) gives facts and figures. See also J. Strieder, Studien zur Geschichte kapitalistischer Organisationsformen, 1914, kap. I, II. ↩
E. R. Daenell, Die Blütezeit der Deutschen Hanse, 1905; Schanz, Englische Handelspolitik gegen die Ende des Mittelalters, vol. I; N. S. B. Gras, The Early English Customs System, 1918, pp. 452–514. ↩
E.g., The Fugger News-Letters, 1568–1605, ed. V. von Klarwill, trans. P. de Chary, 1924. ↩
E. Albèri, Le Relazione degli Ambasciatori Veneti al Senato, serie I, vol. III, 1853, p. 357 (Relazione di Filippo II Re di Spagna da Michele Soriano nel 1559): “Questi sono li tesori del re di Spagna, queste le miniere, queste l’Indie che hanno sostentato l’imprese dell’ Imperatore tanti anni.” ↩
The best contemporary picture of the trade of Antwerp is that of L. Guicciardini, Descrittione di tutti I Paesi Bassi (1567), of which part is reprinted in a French translation in Tawney and Power, Tudor Economic Documents, vol. III, pp. 149–173. The best modern accounts of Antwerp are given by Pirenne, Histoire de Belgique, vol. II, pp. 399–403, and vol. III, pp. 259–72; Ehrenberg, Das Zeitalter der Fugger, vol. II, pp. 3–68; and J. A. Goris, Étude sur les Colonies Marchandes Méridionales à Anvers de 1488 à 1567 (1925). ↩
The Meutings had opened a branch in Antwerp in 1479, the Hochstetters in 1486, the Fuggers in 1508, the Welsers in 1509 (Pirenne, Histoire de Belgique, vol. III, p. 261). ↩
Pirenne, Histoire de Belgique, vol. III, pp. 273–6. ↩
Ehrenberg, Das Zeitalter der Fugger, vol. II, pp. 7–8. ↩
A short account of international financial relations in the sixteenth century will be found in my introduction to Thomas Wilson’s Discourse Upon Usury, 1925, pp. 60–86. ↩
Erasmus, Adagia; see also The Complaint of Peace. ↩
For the Fuggers, see Ehrenberg, Das Zeitalter der Fugger, vol. I, pp. 85–186, and for the other German firms mentioned, ibid., pp. 187–269. ↩
See Goris, Étude sur les Colonies Marchandes Méridionales à Anvers de 1488 à 1567 (1925) pp. 510–45, where the reply of the Paris theologians is printed in full; and Ehrenberg, Das Zeitalter der Fugger, vol. II, pp. 18, 21. For Bellarmin, see Goris, op. cit., pp. 551–2. A curious illustration of the manner in which it was still thought necessary in the later sixteenth century, and in Protestant England, to reconcile economic policy with canonist doctrine, will be found in S.P.D. Eliz., vol. LXXV, no. 54 (printed in Tawney and Power, Tudor Economic Documents, vol. III, pp. 359–70). The writer, who is urging the repeal of the Act of 1552 forbidding all interest whatever, cites Aquinas and Hostiensis to prove that “trewe and unfayned interest” is not to be condemned as usury. ↩
Ashley, Economic History, 1893, vol. I, pt. II, pp. 442–3. ↩
Bodin, La Response de Jean Bodin aux Paradoxes de Malestroit touchant l’enchérissement de toutes choses et le moyen d’y remédier. ↩
See Max Neumann, Geschichte des Wuchers in Deutschland, 1865, pp. 487 seqq. ↩
Calvin’s views will be found in his Epistolæ et Responsa, 1575, pp. 355–7, and in Sermon XXVIII in the Opera. ↩
Bucer, De Regno Christi. ↩
“Third Decade,” 1st and 2nd Sermons, in The Decades of Henry Bullinger (Parker Society), vol. III, 1850. ↩
Luther, “Kleiner Sermon vom Wucher” (1519) in Werke (Weimar ed.), vol. VI, pp. 1–8; “Grosser Sermon vom Wucher” (1520), in ibid., pp. 33–60; “Von Kaufshandlung und Wucher” (1524), in ibid., vol. XV, pp. 279–322; “An die Pfarrherrn wider den Wucher zu predigen, Vermahnung” (1540), in ibid., vol. LI, pp. 325–424. ↩
“Hie müsste man wahrlich auch den Fuckern und der geistlichen Gesellschaft einen Zaum ins Maul legen” (quoted by Ehrenberg, Das Zeitalter
