7 Quotation: Serbyn, “Ukrainian Famine,” 131; see also Falk, Sowjetische Stadte, 289.
8 For a sophisticated guide to the meanings of the Plan, see Harrison, Soviet Planning , 1-5.
9 Quotations: Kuromiya, Stalin, 85; Kusnierz, Ukraina, 37.
10 Quotation and poster: Viola, War, 177; Viola, Unknown Gulag, 32.
11 Quotations: Viola, War, 238; Conquest, Harvest, 121. For details on the shootings and deportations, see Davies, Years, 20, 46; Werth, Terreur, 463; Viola, Unknown Gulag, 6, 32; Kusnierz, Ukraina, 51, 56; Khlevniuk, Gulag, 11; Graziosi, War, 48; and Davies, Years, 46.
12 On the 113,637 people forcibly transported, see Viola, War, 289; see also Kulczycki, Holodomor, 158. For details on some of the arrivals, see Kotkin, “Peopling,” 70-72.
13 For the lament, see Kovalenko, Holod, 259. On Solovki, see Applebaum, Gulag, 18–20, 49. On the special settlements, see Viola, Unknown Gulag (the numbers of Ukrainian peasants deported are given at 195 and 32).
14 Quotation: Applebaum, Gulag, 48. For the death estimates, see Viola, Unknown Gulag, 3; and Applebaum, Gulag, 583. For the characterization of the Gulag, see Khlevniuk, Gulag, 1–10; Applebaum, Gulag, xvi–xvii; and Viola, Unknown Gulag, 2–7.
15 Quotations: Siegelbaum, Stalinism, 45 (first two); Viola, Unknown Gulag, 53. On Belomor, see Khlevniuk, Gulag, 24–35; and Applebaum, Gulag, 62–65.
16 Applebaum, Gulag, 64–65.
17 Quotation: Viola, Unknown Gulag, 35. See also, generally, Viola, Best Sons. On the pace of collectivization, see Kusnierz, Ukraina, 39.
18 On the percentage of arable land, see Kusnierz, Ukraina, 40.
19 Quotation: Snyder, Sketches, 93. For background on the struggle of peasants in Ukraine for land, see Beauvois, Bataille; Edelman, Proletarian Peasants; Hildermeier, Sozialrevolutionare Partei; Kingston-Mann, Lenin; and Lih, Bread and Authority.
20 Quotation: Dzwonkowski, Glod, 84. For the Stalinist “First Commandment,” see Kulczycki, Holodomor, 170. See also Kusnierz, Ukraina, 70.
21 On livestock and on feminine rebellions, see Kusnierz, Ukraina, 66, 72; and Conquest, Harvest, 158.
22 Graziosi, War, 53–57; Viola, War, 320; Kulczycki, Holodomor, 131; Snyder, Sketches, 92-94.
23 Quotation: Morris, “The Polish Terror,” 753. On the Soviet concern about Poland’s new policy to Ukrainian minorities, see Report of 13 July 1926, AVPRF, 122/10/34. See also, generally, Snyder, Sketches, 83–114.
24 Kuromiya, “Spionage,” 20-32.
25 Cameron, “Hungry Steppe,” chap. 6. On Xinjiang, see Millward, Eurasian Crossroads , 191-210.
26 Snyder, Sketches, 101-102.
27 Kusnierz, Ukraina, 74; Snyder, Sketches, 103- 104.
28 Davies, Years, 8-11, 24-37; Kusnierz, Ukraina, 86- 90.
29 Quotations: Viola, Unknown Gulag, 75; Kravchenko, I Chose Freedom, 106. On the 32,127 households deported from Soviet Ukraine, see Kulczycki, Holodomor, 158. On the percentage of collectivized farmland, see Kusnierz, Ukraine, 86.
30 Davies, Years, 48-56.
31 On the harvest, see Davies, Years, 57-69, 110-111; Graziosi, “New Interpretation,” 1-5; and Dronin, Climate Dependence, 118. On Kosior and Kaganovich, see Davies, Years, 72, 82, 89, 95.
32 Kusnierz, Ukraina, 102-103; Davies, Years, 112- 114.
33 On the Red Cross, see Davies, Years, 112-113. Quotations: Kul’chyts’kyi, Kolektyvizatsiia , 434; Kul’chyts’kyi, “Trahichna,” 151.
34 On the reports of death by starvation, see Kusnierz, 104-105. On Stalin, see Davies, Kaganovich Correspondence, 138. On the request for food aid, see Lih, Letters to Molotov, 230. On Kaganovich (23 June 1932), see Hunchak, Famine, 121.
35 Cameron, “Hungry Steppe,” chap. 2; Pianciola, “Collectivization Famine,” 103-112; Mark, “Hungersnot,” 119.
36 Quotation: Davies, Kaganovich Correspondence, 138. On Stalin’s predisposition to personalized politics, see Kulczycki, Holodomor, 180; and Kusnierz, Ukraina, 152.
37 On Stalin, see Marochko, Holodomor, 21. On the objective problems recounted by local party officials, see Davies, Years, 105-111, 117-122.
38 Cited in Kovalenko, Holod, 110.
39 Quotation: Davies, Years, 146. See also Kusnierz, Ukraina, 107; and Werth, Terreur , 119.
40 On “our father,” see Sebag Montefiore, Court, 69. On talk of starvation as an excuse for laziness, see Sapoval, “Lugen,” 136. For a sense of the relationships among Molotov, Kaganovich, and Stalin, consult Lih, Letters to Molotov; and Davies, Kaganovich Correspondence.
41 Quotations: Davies, Kaganovich Correspondence, 175, 183.
42 Snyder, Sketches, 83-95; Kuromiya, “Great Terror,” 2-4.
43 Snyder, Sketches, 102-104; Haslam, East, 31.
44 Quotation: Report of 6 June 1933, CAW I/303/4/1928. On the Polish consulate, see Marochko, Holodomor, 36. On Poland’s caution, see Snyder, Sketches, 102-108; and Papuha, Zakhidna Ukraina, 80.
45 Kusnierz, Ukraina, 108; Maksudov, “Victory,” 204.
46 On the Soviet judges, see Solomon, Soviet Criminal Justice, 115-116. Quotation: Kusnierz, Ukraina, 116.
47 Quotations: Kusnierz, Ukraina, 139; Kovalenko, Holod, 168. On the watchtowers and their number, see Kusnierz, Ukraina, 115; see also Maksudov, “Victory,” 213; and Conquest, Harvest, 223-225.
48 On the limited gains from such methods of requisition, see Maksudov, “Victory,” 192. On the party activists’ abuses, see Kusnierz, Ukraina, 144-145, 118-119; and Kuromiya, Freedom and Terror, 170-171.
