“Represje,” 198. On the experiences of Polish communists in the USSR, Budzynska’s Strzepy is invaluable.
14 Quotation: Petrov, “Pol’skaia operatsiia,” 23. The phone book anecdote is in Brown, No Place, 158.
15 Stronski, Represje, 240.
16 Petrov, “Pol’skaia operatsiia,” 28; Werth, Terreur, 294.
17 Quotation and number: Naumov, NKVD, 299-300. For examples, see Stronski, Represje, 223, 246.
18 On the Juriewicz family, see Glebocki, “Pierwszy,” 158-166, at 164.
19 On the Makowski family, see Glebowski, “Pierwszy,” 166-172. For the figure 6,597, see Petrov, “Polish Operation,” 168.
20 Ilic, “Leningrad,” 1522.
21 Awakened: Dzwonkowski, Glod, 236. Black raven appears in Polish and Russian, black maria in Russian. For attestation to soul destroyer, which was later used in reference to German gas vans, see Schlogel, Terror, 615. On Kuntsevo, see Vashlin, Terror, 40, 44.
22 On the sources of Polish borderland identity, see Snyder, Reconstruction of Nations. The redefinitions of Soviet Poles is the central subject of Brown, No Place.
23 On the national purge, see Naumov, NKVD, 262-266; flower quotation at 266. Berman quotation: Michniuk, “Przeciwko Polakow,” 115. On the 218 writers, see Mironowicz, Bialorus, 88-89. See also Junge, Vertikal’, 624.
24 For further discussion of this method of killing, see Goujon, “Kurapaty”; and Marples, “Kurapaty,” 513- 517. See also Ziolkowska, “Kurapaty,” 47-49.
25 For the figure of 17,772 sentences, see Petrov, “Pol’skaia operatsiia,” 168. On the total number of deaths (61,501), see Morris, “Polish Terror,” 759.
26 Jansen, Yezhov, 258. On Uspenskii, compare Parrish, Lesser Terror, 6, 11; and Kuromiya, Freedom and Terror, 240.
27 Werth, Terreur, 292.
28 On Moszynska and Angielczyk, see Kuromiya, Voices, 49-51, 221-223.
29 Quotation: Dzwonkowski, Glod, 94. On Zhmerynka, see Stronski, Represje, 225.
30 Quotation: Dzwonkowski, Glod, 244. See also Stronski, Represje, 235; and Iwanow, Stalinizm, 153.
31 On Koszewicz, the undergarments, and the message, see Dzwonkowski, Glod, 90, 101, 147.
32 On autumn 1937 and the orphanages, see Petrov, “Pol’skaia operatsiia,” 26; Kupczak, Polacy, 327, 329; and Jansen, Executioner, 97. On Piwinski and Paszkiewicz, see Dzwonkowski, Glod, 151, 168.
33 On Sobolewska, see Dzwonkowski, Glod, 215-219, at 219.
34 Petrov, “Pol’skaia operatsiia,” 30; Binner, “Massenmord,” 591; Werth, Terreur, 294, 470.
35 On the sentencing of 100 and 138 people, see Stronski, Represje, 228.
36 For the figure 111,091, see Petrov, “Pol’skaia operatsiia,” 32. For the estimate of eighty-five thousand executions of Soviet Poles, see Petrov, “Polish Operation,” 171. Jansen, Executioner, 99, draws a similar conclusion. Naumov estimates the Polish dead at 95,000; see NKVD, 299. See also Schlogel, Terror, 636.
37 Compare Morris, “Polish Terror,” 762, whose calculations are almost identical.
38 For comparative arrest numbers, see Khaustov, “Deiatel’nost,” 316. Here and elsewhere, remarks about the weakness of the Polish intelligence presence in 1937 and 1938 are based upon weeks of review of the pertinent files of the Second Department of the Polish General Staff in the Polish military archives (the Centralne Archiwum Wojskowe, or CAW). See Snyder, Sketches, 83-112, for a more detailed discussion and a range of archival citations. I also discuss there the question of the harm the Terror did to the Soviet security position.
39 In the Caucasus, smaller numbers of people were also forcibly transferred; see Baberowski, Feind, 771-772. On the killing of 20,474 people, see Kuromiya, “Asian Nexus,” 13. See also Gelb, “Koreans.”
40 Quotation: Evans, Power, 357. On the German action, see Order 00439 (55,005 sentences, 41,989 death sentences). See also Schlogel, Terror, 628.
41 Khlevniuk, Gulag, 147. I am citing the figures in Binner, “S etoj,” 207. Martin gives 386,798 deaths under Order 00447; see “Origins,” 855.
42 Soviet Ukraine represented twenty-two percent of the population and saw twenty-seven percent of the convictions; see Gregory, Terror, 265. For the 123,421 Represyvna, 402; at 340 are the national proportions of those arrested during 1937– 1938 in Soviet Ukraine: Ukrainians 53.2 percent (78.2 percent of population), Russians 7.7 percent (11.3 percent of population), Jews 2.6 percent (5.2 percent of population), Poles 18.9 percent (1.5 percent of population), and Germans 10.2 percent (1.4 percent of population).
43 Khlevniuk, “Party and NKVD,” 23, 28; Binner, “Massenmord,” 591-593.
44 On the proportions of ranking officers, see Petrov, Kto rukovodil, 475; and Gregory, Terror, 63. The representation of Jews in summer 1936 was still higher at the rank of general (fifty-four percent) and in the central apparatus of the NKVD in Moscow (sixty-four percent) and among ranking officers in Soviet Ukraine (sixty-seven percent). See Naumov, Bor’ba, 119, for the first two; Zolotar’ov, “Nachalnyts’kyi,” 326-331, for the third. Latvians, Germans, and Poles disappeared entirely from the top ranks of the NKVD during the Great Terror. The Pole Stanislaw Redens, for example, was the head of the Moscow NKVD and, as such, had signed the orders to execute 20,761 people in the Terror. He himself was arrested and later executed as a Polish nationalist.
45 On the state pensions, see Kotkin, Magnetic Mountain, 122.
46 Haslam, Collective Security, 194.
47 Hirsch, Empire, 293-294.
48 On Austria, see Dean, Robbing, 86, 94, 105.
49 On the expulsion, see Tomaszewski, Preludium, 5, 139, passim. See also Longerich, Politik der Vernichtung, 193-204; and Kershaw, Hitler, 459, 472.
50 Goeschel, Concentration Camps, 24.
51 On 12 November 1938, see Polian, “Schriftwechsel,” 4.
52 On Madagascar, see Polian, “Schriftwechsel,” 4, 8. On the Revisionists, see Arens, “Jewish Military,” 205; and Spektor, “Zydzi wolynscy,” 539.
53 On Polish-German relations, see Roos, Polen, 253, 396; Kershaw, Hitler, 475; and Weinberg, Foreign Policy, 20, 404, 484.
54 Quotation: Evans, Power, 604.
55 Kershaw, Hitler, 482; Zarusky, “Hitler bedeutet Krieg,” 106-107.
56 See Haslam, Collective Security, 90, 153. On Litvinov, see Herf, Jewish Enemy, 104; and Orwell, Orwell and Politics, 78.
57 Quotation: Wieczorkiewicz, Lancuch, 323.
58 Haslam, Collective Security, 227. Quotation: Weinberg, World at Arms, 25. I have not discussed Koestler’s experiences in Spain, which coincided with the imprisonment of his friend Weissberg in the USSR; see God That Failed, 75-80.
59 Quotations: Lukacs, Last European War, 58-59.
60 Krebs, “Japan,” 543; Haslam, East, 132.
