Wspomnienia, 16, 31; and Mlynarski, W niewoli, 115-117. For the ravens, see Berling, Wspomnienia, 34.
38 Czapski, Wspomnienia, 18; Swianiewicz, Shadow, 58; Mlynarski, W niewoli, 205-209; Cienciala, Crime, 33-35, 84-99, and for her estimate of the total number of informers (about one hundred), 159.
39 Jakubowicz: Pamietniki znalezione, 30, 38, 43, 53. On the return addresses, see Swianiewicz, Shadow, 65.
40 On the dogs befriended by prisoners, see Mlynarski, W niewoli, 256-257; Abramov, Murderers, 86, 102; and Czapski, Wspomnienia, 43. On the veterinarian who looked after them, see Mlynarski, W niewoli, 84, 256.
41 On the Polish underground, see Wnuk, Za pierwszego Sowieta, 368-371. On the decision to execute the prisoners, see Cienciala, Crime, 116-120, quotations at 118. See also Jasiewicz, Zaglada, 129.
42 Jasiewicz, Zaglada, 131, 144-145, 159. These 7,305 people were apparently shot at Bykivnia and Kuropaty, major killing sites of the Great Terror; see Kalbarczyk, “Przedmioty,” 47-53.
43 Swianiewicz, Shadow, 75; Cienciala, Crime, 122, 129-130, 175, quotation at 130. For additional passages from Adam Solski’s diary, see Zaglada polskich elit, 37.
44 Cienciala, Crime, 124; Zaglada polskich elit, 43.
45 Cienciala, Crime, 124; Zaglada polskich elit, 43. On Blokhin, see Braithwaite, Moscow, 45.
46 Cienciala, Crime, 126-128; Zaglada polskich elit, 39.
47 Cienciala, Crime, 122-123; Czapski, Wspomnienia, 7, 8, 15, 17, 18, 45.
48 Abramov, Murderers, 46; Swianiewicz, Shadow, 63, 66.
49 Cienciala, Crime, 34; Czapski, Wspomnienia, 18; Swianiewicz, Shadow, 64; Mlynarski, W niewoli, 225. For an informer on the system, see Berling, Wspomnienia, 32.
50 Quotation: Swianiewicz, Shadow, 69.
51 This is the sum of the execution figures given in Cienciala, Crime, passim.
52 Cienciala, Crime, 118, 173-174, 198–199, quotation about fathers at 198. On the 60,667 people sent to special settlements in Kazakhstan, see Hryciuk, “Victims,” 187. On the “former people,” see Khlevniuk, Gulag, 282. See also Goussef, “Les deplacements,” 188. For wives being told they would be joining their husbands, see Jolluck, Exile, 16. For the “eternal mud and snow,” see Gross, Children’s Eyes, 79.
53 On the dung and the NKVD office, see Jolluck, Exile, 40, 122-123. On the economist, see Czapski, Wspomnienia, 27.
54 Of the 78,339 people deported, about eighty-four percent were Jewish; see Hryciuk, “Victims,” 189.
55 Gross, Children’s Eyes, 221.
56 See Snyder, Reconstruction.
57 Krebs, “Japan,” 545, 548; Levine, Sugihara, 132, 218, 262, 273; Sakamoto, Japanese Diplomats, 102, 107, 113-114.
58 For the numbers cited, see Polian, Against Their Will, 123. See also Weinberg, World at Arms, 167-169; and Kuromiya, Miedzy Warszawa a Tokio, 470-485.
59 This figure—408, 525 deportations—is the sum of the major actions. Rutherford estimates 500,000 total; see Prelude, 7.
60 On Eichmann and the January 1940 proposal, see Polian, “Schriftwechsel,” 3, 7, 19.
61 On the origins of Lodz’s ghetto, see Grynberg, Zycie, 430. Unrivalled in its description of the Warsaw ghetto is Engelking, Getto warszawskie, in English translation as The Warsaw Ghetto: A Guide to the Perished City. On Schon, see T. B., “Organizator,” 85-90. On German intentions and on population movements, see Browning, Origins, 100-124.
62 Drozdowski, “Fischer,” 189–190. See also Engelking, Getto warszawskie, chap. 2. Ringelblum is cited in Friedlander, Extermination, 160; on tourists, see also Mazower, Hitler’s Empire, 95.
63 Quotation: Zaglada polskich elit, 23. See also Longerich, Unwritten Order, 55; Kershaw, Fateful Choices, 447. Some 11,437 people died in the Lodz ghetto in 1941; see Grynberg, Zycie, 430.
64 See, above all, Zbikowski, “Zydowscy przesiedlency,” 224-228; also Grynberg, Relacje, 244; Browning, Origins, 124; and Kassow, Archive, 107, 273. These movements were senseless, even from a German perspective: Jews were cleared from the Warsaw district from January to March 1941 to make room for Poles who were to be expelled from the Warthegau, who were removed to make room for Germans, who were coming west from the Soviet Union: but Germany would invade the Soviet Union in June 1941, so that Germans could move east and colonize its lands.
65 On Sborow and Lederman, see Sakowska, Dzieci, 51, 50. Quotation: Zbikowski, “Zydowscy przesiedlency,” 260.
66 “Sprawozdania Swietliczanek,” 65, quotations at 70, 69.
67 On the two different approaches to elites, see Friedlander, Extermination, 40. See also Tooze, Wages of Destruction, 364-365; and Mankowski, “Ausserordentliche,” 9 -11, quotation at 11. Compare Cienciala, Crime, 114-115; and Jolluck, Exile, 15.
68 Wieliczko, “Akcja,” 34-35; Pankowicz, “Akcja,” 43-45; Zaglada polskich elit, 62, 67.
69 Bartoszewski, Warszawski pierscien, 64-65; Dunin-Wasowicz, “Akcja,” 24.
70 Pietrzykowski, “Akcja,” 113-115; Jankowski, “Akcja,” 65-66. On the brothel for Germans, see Pietrzykowski, Akcja AB, 77-78.
71 Pietrzykowski, “Akcja,” 114-115.
72 See, for example, Pankowicz, “Akcja,” 44. On “We can’t tell … ,” see Cienciala, Crime, 182.
73 On all three men, see Pietrzykowski, “Akcja,” 117-118.
74 Dunin-Wasowicz, “Akcja,” 22-25; Bauer, Dowbor, 217, 241; Crime of Katyn, 33; Zaglada polskich elit, 73.
75 Zaglada polskich elit, 77.
76 On Himmler and the transports, see Bartoszewski, Warszawski pierscien, 59, 60, 123-125. For further details on the transports, see Zaglada polskich elit, 69; Seidel, Besatzungspolitik in Polen. On Bach-Zelewski and the execution site, see Dwork, Auschwitz, 166, 177. On IG Farben, see Tooze, Wages of Destruction, 443.
77 On collectivization, see Report of 25 November 1941, SPP 3/1/1/1/1; also Shumuk, Perezhyte, 17.
78 On the Ukrainians targeted, see HI 210/14/7912. These operations were part of a series of June 1941 deportation actions that were then organized throughout the newly annexed regions of the Soviet Union, from the
