CHAPTER 4: MOLOTOV-RIBBENTROP EUROPE
1 Bohler, Verbrechen, 16, 69, 72, 74, Bohler, Uberfall, 100. Datner counts 158; see 55 Dni, 94.
2 On Warsaw, see Bohler, Uberfall, 171-172. On the strafing, see Datner, 55 Dni, 96; and Mazower, Hitler’s Empire, 67.
3 Naumann, “Die Morder,” 54-55; Grass, Beim Hauten, 15-16.
4 On the death of German soldiers as “murder,” see Datner, Zbrodnie, 73. For “insolence,” see Lukacs, Last European War, 58. On the barn and cavalry, see Datner, Zbrodnie, 72, 69; Rossino, Hitler, 166, 169; and Bohler, Verbrechen, 23.
5 Here is the instruction in somewhat greater detail: “Close your hearts to pity. Brutal action. Eighty million must get their due. Their existence must be secured. The stronger has the right. The greatest of severity.” See Mallman, Einsatzgruppen, 54. On Ciepielow, see Bohler, Verbrechen, 131. On the red cross, see Rossino, Hitler, 181; see also 184. For other tank incidents, see Datner, Zbrodnia, 62.
6 For “Poles are the slaves” and the death grimace, see Rossino, Hitler, 141, 204. On “the intention of the Leader to destroy and exterminate the Polish people,” see Mallmann, Einsatzgruppen, 57.
7 Rossino, Hitler, 138, 141; Bohler, Verbrechen, 100.
8 Bartoszewski, Warszawski pierscien, 52-53.
9 Bohler, Verbrechen, 19.
10 On Solec, see Bohler, Verbrechen, 116. On the Jewish boy who asked for water, see Rossino, Hitler, 172. On Dynow, see Bohler, Uberfall, 200. Rossino estimates that Jews were seven thousand of the fifty thousand Polish civilians killed by the Germans by the end of 1939; see Hitler, 234. Mallman, Bohler, and Mathaus also give these figures in Einsatzgruppen, at 88. Bohler estimates about thirty thousand by the end of October (Verbrechen, 140) and forty-five thousand, of whom seven thousand were Jews, by the end of the year (Uberfall, 138).
11 On the possibility of such hope, see Mlynarski, W niewoli, 54-59.
12 Quotation: Weinberg, World at Arms, 57.
13 On the Lwow betrayal, see Cienciala, Crime, 20; Czapski, Wspomnienia, 9-10; and Wnuk, Za pierwszego Sowieta, 35.
14 On the Ukrainian steppe, see Czapski, Wspomnienia, 15. On the Polish farmers’ distress, see Mlynarski, W niewoli, 98-99.
15 Hrycak estimates 125,000 prisoners of war (“Victims,” 179); Cienciala, 230,000-240,000 (Crime, 26). The Soviets also kept about fifteen thousand people for hard labor in the mines and in road-building, of whom some two thousand died in 1941 during evacuations; see Hryciuk, “Victims,” 180.
16 For examples of people moving from prison to power, taken from multiple regions, see HI 209/1/10420, HI 209/6/5157, HI 209/11/4217, HI 210/14/10544, HI 210/14/4527, HI 210/14/2526, HI 209/13/2935, and HI 210/12/1467. The instances Revolution, 37, 44. For details on similar incidents, see HI 209/13/2935, HI 209/13/3124, HI 210/1/4372, HI 210/5/4040, HI 210/14/4908, and HI 209/7/799.
17 On the typical sentence, see Jasiewicz, Zaglada, 172. On the 109,400 people arrested and the 8,513 people sentenced to death, see Hryciuk, 182. On the disproportion between arrest and imprisonment numbers, see Khlevniuk, Gulag, 236; and Glowacki, Sowieci, 292.
18 On the sixty-one thousand Polish citizens, see Rossino, Hitler, 15, also 30; “destroy Poland” is at 77. See also, generally, Ingrao, “Violence,” 219-220. On Heydrich and Hitler, see Mallman, Einsatzgruppen, 57; and Mankowski, “Ausserordentliche,” 7. On the doctorates, see Browning, Origins, 16.
19 On Katowice, see Rossino, Hitler, 78. On the absence of good records, see Mallman, Einsatzgruppen, 80.
20 The Einsatzgruppe z. b. V had the assignment of expelling Jews. See Rossino, Hitler, 90, 94, 98; the figure of twenty-two thousand is at 101. On Przemysl, see Bohler, Uberfall, 202-203. See also Pohl, Herrschaft, 52.
21 On Hitler, see Rutherford, Prelude, 53. On Frank, see Seidel, Besatzungspolitik, 184 (including quotation). On Frank as Hitler’s former lawyer, see Mazower, Hitler’s Empire, 74.
22 Wnuk, Za pierwszego Sowieta, 13-23. The locus classicus is Gross, Revolution.
23 Wnuk, Za pierwszego Sowieta, 23; Hryciuk, “Victims,” 199.
24 On the 139,794 people taken from their homes, see Hryciuk, “Victims,” 184. Glowacki records temperatures of minus 42 Celsius, which is minus 43 Fahrenheit; see Sowieci, 328. See also Jolluck, Exile, 16.
25 On “hell” and the adult dead, see Wrobel, Polskie dzieci, 156, 178. See also Gross, Revolution, 214-218. For “their dreams and their wishes,” see Gross, Children’s Eyes, 78.
26 Jolluck, Exile, 41.
27 There were 10,864 dead among deportees in special settlements by 1 July 1941; see Khlevniuk, Gulag, 279. On “the natives,” see Dark Side, 143. On the boots and swelling, see Gross, Children’s Eyes, 63, 88.
28 On the skeletons, “what was in his heart,” and the white eagle emblem, see Gross, Children’s Eyes, 191, 202, 78 (also 71, 194).
29 Pankowicz, “Akcja,” 43; Burleigh, Germany Turns Eastwards, 275.
30 Quotation: Shore, Information, 15. See also Rutherford, Prelude, 56.
31 Rutherford, Prelude, 59, 75.
32 On the numbers cited, see Rutherfold, Prelude, 59; Grynberg, Relacje, xii; and Hilberg, Destruction (vol. I), 156, 189.
33 For the deportation numbers, see Rutherford, Prelude, 1, also 75, 88. On Owinska, see Kershaw, Hitler, 535; and Evans, Third Reich at War, 75-76. On the murder of 7,700 Polish citizens found in mental institutions, see Browning, Origins, 189. See also Mazower, Hitler’s Empire, 85.
34 Quotation: Urbanski, Zaglada, 32. On Lowicz, see Grynberg, Relacje, 239-240.
35 Rutherford, Prelude, 9, quotations at 88 and 102.
36 For general descriptions of the three camps, see Cienciala, Crime, 29-33; also Abramov, Murder, 46, 83, 101; and Mlynarski, W niewoli, 113 -114. On the Christmas Day observances, see Mlynarski, W niewoli, 156-157.
37 Cienciala, Crime, 33. On the outlines and skeletons, see Czapski,
