Empire; and Snyder, Sketches.
90 Quotations: Koestler, God That Failed, 68; Weissberg-Cybulski, Wielka Czystka, 266; Koestler, God That Failed, 77.
91 On the arch, see Kusnierz, Ukraina, 178. On the wealth transfers, see Falk, Sowjetische Stadte, 288; Davies, Years, 158; and Conquest, Harvest, 237. On the “sausage makers,” see Kuromiya, Freedom and Terror, 172.
92 Quotation: Conquest, Harvest, 256. See also, generally, Slezkine, Jewish Century; and Fitzpatrick, Education.
93 Quotations: Subtelny, “German Diplomatic Reports,” 17; Polish Consul-General, 4 February 1933, CAW I/303/4/1867; Border Defense Corps, 15 November 1933, CAW I/303/4/6906. On the hopes for war, see Snyder, Sketches, 110. For letters of Soviet Germans to Germany, see Hungersnot. See also Berkhoff, “Great Famine.”
94 A relevant speech from Hitler can be found in Deutschosterreichische Tageszeitung, 3 March 1933. On the cardinals, see Dalrymple, “Soviet Famine,” 254. for Innitzer’s interventions, see Reichspost, 20 August 1933 and 12 October 1933; and Die Neue Zeitung, 14 October 1933.
95 For Duranty, see New York Times, 31 March 1933. On Muggeridge, see Taylor, “Blanket of Silence,” 82. For Orwell, see Orwell and Politics, 33-34. See also Engerman, Modernization, 211. In fairness to the New York Times: two anonymous articles of 1 and 11 January 1933 used the concepts of “man-made” hunger and “war with the peasantry.”
96 Papuha, Zakhidna Ukraina, 33, 46, 57.
97 On Soviet counterpropaganda, see Papuha, Zakhidna Ukraina, 56. On Herriot’s weight, see Time, 31 October 1932. See also Zlepko, Hunger- Holocaust, 177; and Conquest, Harvest, 314.
98 Quotations: Kovalenko, Holod, 353; Zlepko, Hunger- Holocaust, 180; see also 175-179. See also Mark, Hungersnot, 26–27; Subtelny, “German Diplomatic Reports,” 21; Marochko, Holodomor, 256–257, 283; Time, 22 January 1934.
99 Marochko, Holodomor, 257; Zlepko, Hunger- Holocaust, 176-177; Time, 11 September 1933. Final paragraph: Werth, “Un Etat”; Marochko, Holodomor, 283. In fairness to Herriot: he abstained in the June 1940 parliamentary vote to grant Petain full powers in France and was arrested and sent to Germany at the end of the German occupation.
1 Quotations: Siriol Colley, More Than a Grain, 212, 216.
2 Jones is cited in Siriol Colley, More Than a Grain, 218.
3 Quotation: Evans, Coming, 330.
4 On German voters, see King, “Ordinary,” 987-988 and passim. On Dachau, see Goeschel, Concentration Camps, 14. For quotation and analysis of Himmler, see Eiber, “Gewalt in KZ Dachau,” 172.
5 Evans, Power, 23.
6 Quotation: Deutschosterreichische Tageszeitung, 3 March 1933.
7 On “class against class,” see Brown, Rise and Fall, 85. On voting behavior, see King, “Ordinary,” 987-988. See also, generally, Bayerlein, “Abschied.”
8 Longerich, Politik der Vernichtung, 26-32, quotation at 38; Tooze, Wages of Destruction, 73.
9 On the 37,000 German Jews, see Evans, Power, 15. See also Longerich, Politik der Vernichtung, 126.
10 Longerich, Politik der Vernichtung, 35.
11 Goeschel, Concentration Camps, 7.
12 See, generally, Kruger, Die Au?enpolitik; Turner, Stresemann; Snyder, Sketches.
13 Roos, Polen, 130-154; Ken, Collective Security, 94, 157; Kornat, Polityka, 32-33; Rossino, Hitler, 2.
14 Quotation: Davies, Kaganovich Correspondence, 33.
15 The surest guide is Kolakowski, Main Currents. The most famous anecdotal definition is that provided by the veteran communist to Jorge Semprun at Buchenwald: “C’est l’art et la maniere de toujours retomber sur ces pattes, mon vieux!”
16 Graziosi, “New Interpretation.”
17 See, generally, Haslam, Collective Security; Furet, Passe; and Brown, Rise and Fall.
18 These numbers will be elucidated in this and the following chapter.
19 On the dialectics involved, see Burrin, Fascisme, nazisme, autoritarisme, 202, 209. See also, generally, Weber, Hollow Years. On Blum, see Judt, Burden of Responsibility.
20 Haslam, Collective Security, 120-121. On the Soviet press, see Schlogel, Terror, 136-137. See also, generally, Beevor, Battle for Spain. On the essential point, I am following Furet, Passe.
21 Orwell, Homage, 53-64. Quotation: Schlogel, Terror, 148. See also Brown, Rise and Fall, 89.
22 On 11 May, see Kuromiya, “Anti-Russian,” 1427.
23 Quotation: Kuromiya, “Notatka,” 133, also 119.
24 Levine, In Search of Sugihara, 13-89; Kuromiya, Miedzy Warszawa a Tokio, 160-175; Siriol Colley, Incident.
25 Haslam analyzes China within the Popular Front framework; see East, 64-70. On Xinjiang, see Millward, Eurasian Crossroads, 206-207. On the “Long March,” see Brown, Rise and Fall, 100.
26 See Kuromiya, Stalin, 136.
27 Quotation: McLoughlin, “Mass Operations,” 121.
28 Khlevniuk, “Objectives”; Kuromiya, Stalin, 118-119.
29 Quotation: Kuromiya, Stalin, 134, also 101.
30 On the history of the troika, see Wheatcroft, “Mass Killings,” 126-139. For general introductions to the state police, see Andrew, KGB; and Dziak, Chekisty.
31 Getty, Yezhov, 140; Kuromiya, Stalin, 116.
32 On Yezhov’s associates and their methods, see Wheatcroft, “Agency,” 38-40. For Stalin’s solicitude about Yezhov’s health, see Getty, Yezhov, 216.
33 Quotation: Haslam, Collective Security, 129. For Bukharin’s threat, see Kuromiya, Stalin, 83.
34 Quotation: Brown, Rise and Fall, 122. There were of course exceptions, such as Antoni Slonimski; see Shore, Caviar and Ashes, 150. On fascism and anti-fascism, see Furet, Passe.
35 Werth, Terreur, 282. See also Kuromiya, Stalin,
