A History of the End of the World

McGinn, Apocalypse, 7.

27. Rev. 12:9 (KJV).

28. Deut. 28:58, 28:34 (RSV).

29. Deut. 28:59, 28:27, 28:28, 28:49 (TNK).

30. Deut. 28:30, 28:32 (RSV).

31. Deut. 28:56–57 (TNK).

32. Jer. 5:19 (RSV).

33. Isa. 45:1, 45:4 (TNK; adapted).

34. Quoted in Gorenberg, End of Days, 203.

35. Dubnow, Short History, 89.

36. Graetz, Popular History, 1:331.

37. Graetz, Popular History, 1:336.

38. Rowley, Relevance of Apocalyptic, citing 2 Macc. 4:7 ff.

39. Graetz, Popular History, 326.

40. S. Schwartz, quoted in Gruen, Heritage and Hellenism, 5 n. 8.

41. “Kulturkampf” was first used to refer to the struggle in the late nineteenth century between the government of Germany and the Roman Catholic Church over the right to control the schools and churches.

42. Flavius Josephus, The Works of Josephus, trans. William Whitson (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 1987), Antiquities of the Jews, 12.5, 4, 324.

43. John J. Collins, “From Prophecy to Apocalypticism: The Expectation of the End,” in Collins, Origins of Apocalypticism, 158, 159.

44. Rowley, Relevance of Apocalyptic, 47.

45. Rowley, Relevance of Apocalyptic, 47.

46. Dan. 1:4 (JPS).

47. Dan. 2:20, 2:22 (JPS; adapted).

48. Dan. 7:18 (TNK).

49. Dan. 7:7, 7:9, 7:10, 7:13, 7:14 (JPS).

50. Dan. 7:15–16 (TNK).

51. Dan. 7:17 (TNK).

52. Dan. 7:27 (JPS).

53. Dan. 3:25 (JPS).

54. Dan. 8:25 (RSV); Dan. 12:1 (KJV).

55. Dan. 9:24 (KJV; adapted).

56. Dan. 12:2 (KJV); Dan. 12:3 (RSV; adapted).

57. Rowley, Relevance of Apocalyptic, 13 (“child of prophecy”); Bernard McGinn, “Introduction: John’s Apocalypse and the Apocalyptic Mentality,” in Emmerson and McGinn, Apocalypse, 9–10 (“mother of Christianity”).

58. Dan. 7:10 (TNK).

59. Dan. 12:1 (KJV).

60. Job 25:6 (TNK).

61. Dan. 7:13–14 (JPS; adapted).

62. Jer. 29:10, 29:11 (JPS).

63. Dan. 9:21, 9:24 (RSV; adapted).

64. Dan. 12:11, 12:12 (NKJ).

65. John J. Collins, “From Prophecy to Apocalypticism: The Expectation of the End,” in Collins, Origins of Apocalypticism, 144.

66. Rowley, Relevance of Apocalyptic, 50.

67. Moshe Idel, “Jewish Apocalypticism: 760–1670,” in McGinn, Apocalypticism, 207. (Idel also cites “the drama of redemption in Exodus” as one of the sources of Western apocalypticism.)

68. Bernard McGinn, “The Last Judgment in Christian Tradition,” in McGinn, Apocalypticism, 367.

69. Paul D. Hanson, “Introductory Overview,” in “Apocalypses and Apocalypticism,” in Freedman, Anchor Bible Dictionary, 1:280.

70. Quoted in John J. Collins, “From Prophecy to Apocalypticism: The Expectation of the End,” in Collins, Origins of Apocalypticism, 137.

71. Gen. 5:24 (JPS).

72. Gen. 6:4.

73. Adela Yarbro Collins, “The Book of Revelation,” in Collins, Origins of Apocalypticism, 407, quoting 1 Enoch 9:8.

74. Dan. 4:13 (KJV).

75. 1 Enoch 7:2, 8:1–2, quoted in John J. Collins, “From Prophecy to Apocalypticism: The Expectation of the End,” in Collins, Origins of Apocalypticism, 136–37.

76. 1 Enoch 10:4–7, quoted in John J. Collins, “From Prophecy to Apocalypticism: The Expectation of the End,” in Collins, Origins of Apocalypticism, 137–38.

77. Ford, Revelation, 31.

78. John J. Collins, “From Prophecy to Apocalypticism: The Expectation of the End,” in Collins, Origins of Apocalypticism, 140–41.

79. Dan. 9:26 (JPS).

80. 1 Enoch 60, quoted in Ehrman, Jesus, 147 (adapted).

81. John J. Collins, “Early Jewish Apocalypticism,” in “Apocalypses and Apocalypticism,” in Freedman, Anchor Bible Dictionary, 1:286.

82. Rowley, Relevance of Apocalyptic, 65.

83. John J. Collins, “Early Jewish Apocalypticism,” in “Apocalypses and Apocalypticism,” in Freedman, Anchor Bible Dictionary, 1:286.

84. Collins, “Early Jewish Apocalypticism,” in “Apocalypses and Apocalypticism,” in Freedman, Anchor Bible Dictionary, 1:287.

85. Dan. 7:7, 7:9, 7:10, 7;13, 7:14 (JPS).

86. Josephus, The Jewish War, 6.312, quoted in John J. Collins, “From Prophecy to Apocalypticism: The Expectation of the End,” in Collins, Origins of Apocalypticism, 151. (“Josephus argues that it actually predicted the rise of Vespasian, who was proclaimed emperor on Jewish soil.”)

87. Quoted in John J. Collins, “Early Jewish Apocalypticism,” in “Apocalypses and Apocalypticism,” in Freedman, Anchor Bible Dictionary, 1:287. (See Josephus, The Jewish War, 2.13.4 sec. 258–60.)

88. Josephus, The Jewish War, 2.261–62, quoted in John J. Collins, “From Prophecy to Apocalypticism: The Expectation of the End,” in Collins, Origins of Apocalypticism, 150–51.

89. Josephus, The Jewish War, quoted in Yarbro Collins, Crisis and Catharsis, 67.

90. Shem Tov Ibn Gaon, Migdal Oz, Hilkhot Melachim 11:3, quoted in Aviezer Ravitsky, “The Messianism of Success in Contemporary Judaism,” in Stein, Apocalypticism, 211.

91. Quoted in Neusner, Yohanan Ben Zakkai, 141, citing, inter alia, TP Taanit 4.7 (adapted).

92. Ehrman, Jesus, x, 3.

93. Mark 9:1 (RSV).

94. 1 Thess. 4:16–17 (RSV)

95. Isa. 11:1 (JPS).

96. Armstrong, Jerusalem, 153.