A History of the End of the World

97. Rom. 1:3 (KJV).

98. Matt. 27:37 (KJV).

99. Paula Fredriksen, “Tyconius and Augustine on the Apocalypse” in Emmerson and McGinn, Apocalypse, 20–21.

100. Rev. 22:20 (KJV).

CHAPTER 3: THE HISTORY OF A DELUSION

1. Jer. 36:4 (JPS).

2. Yarbro Collins, Crisis and Catharsis, 33.

3. Rev. 1:1 (AB; adapted).

4. Richard K. Emmerson, “Introduction: The Apocalypse in Medieval Culture,” in Emmerson and McGinn, Apocalypse, 293.

5. Rev. 1:9 (AB; adapted).

6. Irenaeus, Against Heresies, V.xxx.iii, quoted in Ladd, Revelation of John, 8 n. 1.

7. Adela Yarbro Collins, “Revelation, Book of,” in Freedman, Anchor Bible Dictionary, 5:702; quoted in Bernard McGinn, “Introduction: John’s Apocalypse and the Apocalyptic Mentality,” in Emmerson and McGinn, Apocalypse, 18 (“of which many good Christians…”); Schussler Fiorenza, Book of Revelation, 87 (“could not have been written…”).

8. Schussler Fiorenza, Book of Revelation, 86.

9. John 5:24, 11:26 (RSV; adapted). See also John 3:18, 14:3, and 16:7 for examples of a “realized” eschatology. By contrast, see John 6:39–40, 6:54, 12:58, 12:25, 14:3, 14:18, and 14: 28 for examples of a “futuristic” eschatology.

10. Rev. 10:7 (RSV; adapted).

11. Schussler Fiorenza, Book of Revelation, 93.

12. Yarbro Collins, Crisis and Catharsis, 28.

13. Rev. 21:14 (RSV). Adela Yarbro Collins finds it “unlikely that a living apostle would speak in such a way.” Adela Yarbro Collins, “Revelation, Book of,” in Freedman, Anchor Bible Dictionary, 5:702.

14. Rowley, Relevance of Apocalyptic, 125, summarizing the arguments of R. H. Charles.

15. Quoted in Schussler Fiorenza, Book of Revelation, 87.

16. Ehrman, Jesus, 45, citing Acts 4:13; Schussler Fiorenza, Book of Revelation, 88. Ehrman points out that the literal meaning of the Greek word used in Acts 4:13 to describe Peter and John is “illiterate,” although it is often translated into English as “uneducated.”

17. N. Middle, quoted in Schussler Fiorenza, Book of Revelation, 86. The discussion to which Middle refers is the debate over the authorship of all five books of the New Testament that have been attributed to the apostle John and not merely the authorship of Revelation.

18. Quoted in Yarbro Collins, Crisis and Catharsis, 30.

19. Yarbro Collins, Crisis and Catharsis, 30.

20. Ford, Revelation, 3, 4, 7, 18, 40 (emphasis added). Ford counts “approximately” fourteen references to “Jesus” and “Jesus Christ” in Revelation.

21. Ford, Revelation, 40.

22. Ford, Revelation, 15.

23. Ford, Revelation, 37, 18.

24. Farrer, Rebirth of Images, 98.

25. Ford, Revelation, 22.

26. Ford, Revelation, 18.

27. Ford, Revelation, 28.

28. Ford, Revelation, 33 (adapted).

29. Matt. 3:2, 3:11–12 (RSV; adapted).

30. Yarbro Collins, Crisis and Catharsis, 34.

31. Yarbro Collins, Crisis and Catharsis, 47.

32. Yarbro Collins, Crisis and Catharsis, 47.

33. Cited but also criticized in Yarbro Collins, Crisis and Catharsis, 37, 47.

34. Farrer, Rebirth of Images, 23.

35. Miles, Christ, 109.

36. Rev. 17:1–2, 17:4 (KJV; adapted).

37. Rev. 17:9 (RSV).

38. Yarbro Collins, Crisis and Catharsis, 57.

39. Schussler Fiorenza, Book of Revelation, 15.

40. Yarbro Collins, Crisis and Catharsis, 47.

41. Yarbro Collins, Crisis and Catharsis, 47.

42. Rev. 17:5 (KJV).

43. Victorinus, Commentary on the Revelation (10:11), quoted in Ladd, Revelation of John, 8 n. 1 (“…condemned to the mines…”); Farrer, Rebirth of Images, 24 (“…concentration-camp…”).

44. Yarbro Collins, Crisis and Catharsis, 55.

45. Rev. 1:9 (NLT).

46. Adela Yarbro Collins, “Revelation, Book of,” in Freedman, Anchor Bible Dictionary, 5:701.

47. Barclay, Letters, 14.

48. Barclay, Letters, 15 (adapted).

49. Rev. 17:4 (KJV; adapted).

50. Rev. 2:13 (RSV); Schussler Fiorenza, Book of Revelation, 193.

51. Rev. 14:9 (KJV).

52. Rev. 14:9–10 (RSV; adapted).

53. Rev. 16:2 (RSV).

54. Rev. 19:20 (KJV).

55. Rev. 13:16–17 (RSV; emphasis added).

56. Ladd, Revelation of John, 178.

57. Ladd, Revelation of John, 185.

58. Ladd, Revelation of John, citing 3 Macc. 2:29. See also Ford, Revelation, 116–17.

59. Quoted in Ford, Revelation, 117.

60. Mark 11:15 (RSV).

61. Mark 11:17 (KJV).

62. Rev. 18:11 (RSV).

63. Rev. 18:12–13 (RSV).

64. Rev. 21:8 (KJV).

65. Rev. 18:15, 18:17–19, 18:22 (RSV; adapted).

66. Matt. 10:9–11 (RSV; adapted).

67. David Aune, quoted in Yarbro Collins, Crisis and Catharsis, 45.

68. Matt. 8:20 (RSV).

69. Yarbro Collins, Crisis and Catharsis, 102–3, describing the theories of J. N.