Rhinolophid Bats,” in Smith, R. L. (1984) Sperm Competition and the Evolution of Animal Mating Systems, pp. 573-87 (Orlando: Academic Press); Squirrels (Koprowski 1992). For additional species, as well as other examples of females removing plugs, see Eberhard, Female Control, pp. 146-55.
118
Common Chimpanzee (Dahl et al. 1996).
119
Bruce, H. M. (1960) “A Block to Pregnancy in the Mouse Caused by Proximity of Strange Males,” Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 1:96-103; Schwagmeyer, P. L. (1979) “The Bruce Effect: An Evaluation of Male/ Female Advantages,” American Naturalist 114:932-38; Labov, J. B. (1981) “Pregnancy Blocking in Rodents: Adaptive Advantages for Females,” American Naturalist 118:361—71. See also Eberhard, Female Control, pp. 162— 66.
120
Springer, S. (1948) “Oviphagous Embryos of the Sand Shark, Carcharias taurus,” Copeia 1948:153—57; Gilmore, R. G., J. W. Dodrill, and P. A. Linley (1983) “Reproduction and Embryonic Development of the Sand Tiger Shark, Odontaspis taurus (Rafinesque),” Fishery Bulletin U.S. 81:201—25; Gilmore, R. G. (1991) “The Reproductive Biology of Lamnoid Sharks,” Underwater Naturalist 19:64—67; Kuzmin, S. L. (1994) “Feeding Ecology of Salamandra and Mertensiella: A Review of Data and Ontogenetic Evolutionary Trends,” Mertensiella 4:271-86.
121
Geist, V. (1971) “A Behavioral Approach to the Management of Wild Ungulates,” in E. Duffey and A. S. Watt, eds., The Scientific Management of Animal and Plant Communities for Conservation, pp. 413—24 (London: Blackwell).
122
California sea lion (Le Boeuf, B. J., R. J. Whiting, and R. F. Gantt [1972] “Perinatal Behavior of Northern Elephant Seal Females and Their Young,” p. 129, Behavior 43:121—56; Odell, D. K. [1970] “Premature Pupping in the California Sea Lion,” in Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Conference on Biological Sonar and Diving Mammals, pp. 185-90 [Menlo Park, Calif.: Stanford Research Institute]). On selective abortion as a mechanism females use to control paternity, see Birkhead and Moller, “Female Control of Paternity,” p. 102. On possible deliberate ingestion of abortifacient plants by primates, see Bewley, D. (1997) “Healing Meals?” BBC Wildlife 15(9):63; Garey, J. D. (1997) “The Consumption of Human Medicinal Plants, Including Abortifacients, by Wild Primates,” American Journal of Primatology 42:111. On abortion in other species not profiled in part 2, see Stehn, R.A., and 1. J. Jannett, Jr. (1981) “Male-induced Abortion in Various Microtine Rodents,” Journal of Mammalogy 62:369—72; Gosling, L. M. (1986) “Selective Abortion of Entire Litters in the Coypu: Adaptive Control of Offspring Production in Relation to Quality and Sex,” American Naturalist 127:772—95; Berger, J. (1983) “Induced Abortion and Social Factors in Wild Horses,” Nature 303:59-61; Kozlowski, J., and S. C. Stearns (1989) “Hypotheses for the Production of Excess Zygotes: Models of Bet-Hedging and Selective Abortion,” Evolution 43:1369— 77; Schadker, M. H. (1981) “Postimplantation Abortion in Pine Voles (Microtus pinetorum) Induced by Strange Males and Pheromones of Strange Males,” Biology of Reproduction 25:295-97.
123
On ovicide, see Heinsohn, R. G. (1988) “Inter-group Ovicide and Nest Destruction in Cooperatively Breeding White-winged Choughs,” Animal Behavior 36:1856—58. On egg ejection, see St. Clair, C. C., J. R. Waas, R. C. St. Clair, and P. T. Boag (1995) “Unfit Mothers? Maternal Infanticide in Royal Penguins,” Animal Behavior 50:1177-85.
124
Hausfater, G., and S. B. Hrdy, eds. (1984) Infanticide: Comparative and Evolutionary Perspective (New York: Aldine Press).
125
This strategy is also sometimes employed by females: see Acorn Woodpecker, Little Egret; and Ichikawa, N. (1995) “Male Counterstrategy Against Infanticide of the Female Giant Water Bug Lethocerus deyrollei (Hemiptera: Belostomatidae),” Journal of Insect Behavior 8:181- 88; Stephens, M. L. (1982) “Mate Takeover and Possible Infanticide by a Female Northern Jacana (Jacana spinosa)” Animal Behavior 30:1253-54.
126
Hoagland, J. L. (1995) The Black-tailed Prairie Dog: Social Life of a Burrowing Mammal (Chicago: University of Chicago Press). For further discussion of the often neglected topic of female infanticide, see Digby, L. (1995) “Infant Care, Infanticide, and Female Reproductive Strategies in Polygynous Groups of Common Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus),” Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 37:51-61; Digby, L., M. Y Merrill, and E. T. Davis (1997) “Infanticide by Female Mammals. Part I: Primates,” American Journal of Primatology 42:105.
127
For general surveys of cannibalism among animals, see Elgar, M. A., and B. J. Crespi, eds. (1992) Cannibalism: Ecology and Evolution Among Diverse Taxa (Oxford: Oxford University Press); Jones, J. S. (1982) “Of Cannibals and Kin,” Nature 299:202-3; Polis, G. (1981) “The Evolution and Dynamics of Intraspecific Predation,” Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 12:225-51; Fox, L. R. (1975) Cannibalism in Natural Populations,” Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 6:87-106.
128
Daly, M., and M. I. Wilson (1981) “Abuse and Neglect of Children in Evolutionary Perspective,” in R. D. Alexander and D. W. Tinkle, eds., Natural Selection and Social Behavior: Recent Research and New Theory, pp. 405—16 (New York: Chiron Press); Reite, M., and N.G. Caine, eds., (1983) Child Abuse: The Nonhuman Primate Data. Monographs in Primatology, vol.1 (New York: Alan R. Liss); Szekely et al., “An Evolutionary Approach to Offspring Desertion in Birds.”
129
Stoleson, S. H., and S. R. Beissinger (1995) “Hatching Asynchrony and the Onset of Incubation in Birds, Revisited: When Is the Critical Period?” in D. M. Power, ed., Current Ornithology, vol. 12, pp. 191-270 (New York: Plenum Press); Evans, R. M., and S. C. Lee (1991) “Terminal-Egg Neglect: Brood Reduction Strategy or Cost of Asynchronous Hatching?” Acta XX Congressus Internationalis Ornithologici (Proceedings of the 20th International Ornithological Congress, Christchurch, New Zealand), vol. 3, pp. 1734—40 (Wellington, NZ: New Zealand Ornithological Trust Board); Mock, D. W. (1984) “Siblicidal Aggression and Resource Monopolization in Birds,” Science 225:731—32; O‘Connor, R. J. (1978) “Brood Reduction in Birds: Selection for Fratricide, Infanticide, or Suicide?” Animal Behavior 26:79-96.
130
Skeel and Mallory (1996) “Whimbrel (Numenius phaerops)” in A. Poole and F. Gill, eds., The Birds of North America: Life Histories for the 21st Century, no. 219, p. 17 (Philadelphia: Academy of Natural Sciences; Washington, D.C.: American Ornithologists’ Union); Skutch, A. F. (1976) Parent Birds and Their Young, pp. 349-50 (Austin: University of Texas Press); Anthonisen, K., C. Krokene, and J. T. Lifjeld (1997) “Brood Division Is Associated with Fledgling Dispersion in the Bluethroat (Luscinia s. svecica),” Auk 114:553—61; Szekely et al., “An Evolutionary Approach to Offspring Desertion in Birds,” pp. 275-76.
131
See discussion on p. 171 and the references in note 7 (this chapter).
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