further discussion of this view as well as the potential for collaboration between indigenous and Western scientists, see Pearson, D., and the Ngaanyatjarra Council (1997) “Aboriginal Involvement in the Survey and Management of Rock-Wallabies,” Australian Mammalogy 19:249-56.
79
Dumbacher, J. P., B. M. Beeler, T. F. Spande, H. M. Garrafo, and J. W. Daly (1992) “Homobatrachotoxin in the Genus Pitohui: Chemical Defense in Birds?” Science 258:799-801; Dumbacher, J. P. (1994) “Chemical Defense in New Guinean Birds,” Journal fur Ornithologie 135:407; Majnep, I. S., and R. Bulmer (1977) Birds of My Kalam Country (Mnmon Yad Kalam Yakt), p. 103 (Aukland: Aukland University Press); Dumbacher, J. P., and S. Pruett-Jones (1996) “Avian Chemical Defense,” in V. Nolan Jr., and E. D. Ketterson, eds., Current Ornithology, vol. 13, pp. 137 -74 (New York: Plenum Press). See also the inclusion of indigenous New Guinean observations on the courtship behaviors of Birds of Paradise in Frith, C. B., and D. W. Frith (1997) “Courtship and Mating of the King of Saxony Bird of Paradise Pteridophora alberti in New Guinea with Comment on Their Taxonomic Significance,” pp. 186, 190-91, Emu 97:185-93.
80
Stephenson, R. O., and R. T. Ahgook (1975) “The Eskimo Hunter’s View of Wolf Ecology and Behavior,” in M. W. Fox, ed., The Wild Canids: Their Systematics, Behavioral Ecology, and Evolution, pp. 286-91 (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold). See also the inclusion of Inuit observations on the behavior and distribution of Orcas in Reeves and Mitchell (1988).
81
From a letter written to Dean Hamer and excerpted (anonymously) in his book The Science of Desire: The Search for the Gay Gene and the Biology of Behavior, p. 213 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994).
82
Steward, “Coyote and Tehoma,” p. 160.
83
Beston, H. (1928) The Outermost House: A Year of Life on the Great Beach of Cape Cod, p. 25 (New York: Rinehart); Bey, H. (1994) Immediatism, p. 1 (Edinburgh and San Francisco: AK Press).
84
R. Pirsig, quoted in Carse, Finite and Infinite Games.
85
Ibid., p. 127.
86
Worster, D. (1990) “The Ecology of Chaos and Harmony,” Environmental History Review 14:1-18.
87
Bunyard P., and E. Goldsmith, eds., (1989) “Towards a Post-Darwinian Concept of Evolution,” in P. Bunyard and E. Goldsmith, eds., Gaia and Evolution, Proceedings of the Second Annual Camelford Conference on the Implications of the Gaia Thesis, pp. 146-51 (Camelford: Wadebridge Ecological Centre). This school of thought is also sometimes called “post-neo-Darwinian” evolution, to emphasize its divergence from other, less recent, evolutionary theorizing that has occurred subsequent to Darwin (since the latter is generally characterized as “neo-Darwinian”).
88
Ho, M.-W., and P. T. Saunders (1984) “Pluralism and Convergence in Evolutionary Theory” and preface, in M.-W. Ho and P. T. Saunders, eds., Beyond Neo-Darwinism: An Introduction to the New Evolutionary Paradigm, pp. ix-x, 3-12 (London: Academic Press).
89
For further discussion and exemplification, see Ho, M.-W., P. Saunders, and S. Fox (1986) “A New Paradigm for Evolution,” New Scientist 109(1497):41-43; and the numerous articles in Ho and Saunders, Beyond Neo-Darwinism. For a more recent summary of some new ideas emerging in post-neo-Darwinian thought, see Wieser, W. (1997) “A Major Transition in Darwinism,” Trends in Ecology and Evolution 12:367-70.
90
See, for example, the numerous contributors to Barlow, C. (1994) Evolution Extended: Biological Debates on the Meaning of Life (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press).
91
Wilson, E.O. (1978) On Human Nature, p. 201 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press).
92
von Bertalanffy, L. (1969) “Chance or Law,” in A. Koestler and R. M. Smithies, eds., Beyond Reductionism (London: Hutchinson); Lewontin, R., and S. J. Gould (1979) “The Spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian Paradigm: A Critique of the Adaptationist Programme,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B 205:581-98; Hamilton, M. (1984) “Revising Evolutionary Narratives: A Consideration of Evolutionary Assumptions About Sexual Selection and Competition for Mates,” American Anthropologist 86:65162; Levins, R., and R. C. Lewontin (1985) The Dialectical Biologist (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press); Rowell, T. (1979) “How Would We Know If Social Organization Were Not Adaptive?” in I. Bernstein and E. Smith, eds., Primate Ecology and Human Origins, pp. 1-22 (New York: Garland). See also the discussion in Ho et al., “A New Paradigm for Evolution,” and in Ho and Saunders, Beyond Neo- Darwinism.
93
May, R. (1989) “The Chaotic Rhythms of Life,” New Scientist 124(1691):37-41; Ford quote in Gleick, J. (1987) Chaos: Making a New Science, p. 314 (New York: Viking); Ferriere, R., and G. A. Fox (1995) “Chaos and Evolution,” Trends in Ecology and Evolution 10:480-85; Robertson, R., and A. Combs, eds., (1995) Chaos Theory in Psychology and the Life Sciences (Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates); Degn, H., A. V. Holden, and L. F. Olsen, eds., (1987) Chaos in Biological Systems (New York: Plenum Press); see also Abraham, R. (1994) Chaos, Gaia, Eros: A Chaos Pioneer Uncovers the Three Great Streams of History (San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco).
94
Alados, C. L., J. M. Escos, and J. M. Emlen (1996) “Fractal Structure of Sequential Behavior Patterns: An Indicator of Stress,” Animal Behavior 51:437-43; Cole, B. J. (1995) “Fractal Time in Animal Behavior: The Movement Activity of Drosophila,” Animal Behavior 50:1317-24; Erlandsson, J., and V. Kostylev (1995) “Trail Following, Speed, and Fractal Dimension of Movement in a Marine Prosobranch, Littorina littorea, During a Mating and a Non-Mating Season,” Marine Biology 122:87-94; Sole, R. V., O. Miramontes, and B. C. Goodwin (1993) “Oscillations and Chaos in Ant Societies,” ]ournal of Theoretical Biology 161:343-57; Fourcassie, V., D. Coughlin, and J. F. A. Traniello (1992) “Fractal Analysis of Search Behavior in Ants,” Naturwissenschaften 79:87-89; Camazine, S. (1991) “Self-Organizing Pattern Formation on the Combs of Honey Bee Colonies,” Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 28:61-76; Cole, B. J. (1991) “Is Animal Behavior Chaotic? Evidence from the Activity of Ants,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B 244:253-59.
95
Gleick, Chaos: Making a New Science; Botkin, D. B. (1990) Discordant Harmonies: A New Ecology for the Twenty-first Century (New York: Oxford University Press).
96
Savalli, U. M. (1995) “The Evolution of Bird Coloration and Plumage Elaboration: A Review of Hypotheses,” in D. M. Power, ed., Current Ornithology, vol. 12, pp. 141-90 (New York: Plenum
