Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity

lifetime mammals birds

pairs mammals birds

other

mammals: primates marine hoofed other

birds: waterfowl shore perching other

see also Breeding rare; Mortality, stress in breeders; Postreproductive individuals; Reproductive suppression

Nonconsensual sexual activity (heterosexual)

mammals: primates marine hoofed other

birds: waterfowl shore perching other

see also Partner refusal, indifference

Nonconsensual sexual activity (homosexual)

mammals: primates marine hoofed other

birds: waterfowl shore perching other

see also Partner refusal, indifference

Nonmonogamous pair-bonds (heterosexual)

mammals

waterfowl

shore birds

perching birds

other birds

Nonmonogamous pair-bonds (homosexual) mammals birds

Nonoptimal heterosexual partners see Incest; Intergenerational interactions; Interspecies interactions; Juveniles; Necrophilia

Nonprocreative heterosexual behaviors see Anal stimulation; Genital rubbing; Manual stimulation; Masturbation; Mating outside breeding season; Mounting without penetration; Oral stimulation; Pregnancy, heterosexual mating during; Reverse mounting

Nuzzling, other affectionate touching (homosexual)

mammals: primates marine hoofed other

birds

Oral stimulation (heterosexual)

mammals: primates marine hoofed other,

Oral stimulation (homosexual)

mammals: primates marine hoofed other

Orgasm, ejaculation (homosexual)

mammals: primates marine hoofed other

birds

Pair-bonding (homosexual) see Companionships; Differences between homosexual and heterosexual behaviors; Divorce; Duration of homosexual pair-bonds; Nest-building; Nonmonogamous pair- bonds; Partnerships; Trios, quartets

Parasitism, egg/nestling transfer (heterosexual) waterfowl shore birds perching birds other birds

see also Sources of offspring

Parenting (homosexual)

by companions (platonic coparents) mammals birds

by male coparents mammals birds

by partners (mated coparents) mammals waterfowl shore birds perching birds other birds

by trios/quartets

see also Breeding by homosexual /bisexual animals; Differences between homosexual and heterosexual behaviors; Nest-building; Sources of offspring; Supernormal clutches

Parthenogenesis

Partner refusal, indifference (heterosexual)

primates

marine mammals