Catherine the Great

power in Imperial Russia’, European History Quarterly, 33 (2003), 38–9.

14. A. Kamenskii, Ot Petra I do Pavla I: Reformy v Rossii XVIII veka (M, 1999), 330.

15. R. Bartlett, ‘Educational Projects in the First Decade of the Reign of Catherine II’, in Russische Aufklarungsreeption im Kontext offiieller Bildungskonepte (1700–1825), ed. G. Lehmann-Carli, et al. (Berlin, 2001), 109– 24.

16. D. L. Ransel, Mothers of Misery: Child Abandonment in Russia (Princeton, NJ, 1988), 31–45.

17. Poroshin, 20, 29 Sept. 1764; 117, 9 Dec.; 133, 20 Dec; and passim.

18. W. Rosslyn, ‘5 May 1764: The Foundation of the Smol’nyi Institute’, in Days from the Reigns, ed. Cross, ii: 149.

19. See, in particular, her letters to ‘Dusky Levushka’ (Princess Cherkasskaia), from c. 1770: ‘Chetyre pis’ma Ekateriny II-y k kniagine A. P. Cherkasskoi’, RA, 1870, no. 3, 529–39.

20. PSZ, xvi: 11,606, 12 July 1762, referring to the Senate meeting on 3 July.

21. J. P. LeDonne, Ruling Russia: Politics and Administration in the Age of Absolutism 1762– 1796 (Princeton, NJ, 1984), 27–30; L. G. Kisliagina, ‘Kantseliariia stats-sekretarei pri Ekaterine II’, in Gosudarstvennye uchrezhdeniia Rossii XVI—XVIII vv. (M, 1991), 171.

22. W. Daniel, Grigorii Teplov: A Statesman at the Court of Catherine the Great (Newtonville, MA, 1991); MP, iii: 144–53.

23. R. Faggionato, A Rosicrucian Utopia in Eighteenth-Century Russia: The Masonic circle of N.I. Novikov (Amsterdam, 2005), 16–21; Sochineniia, xii: 298, (406).

24. Kisliagina, ‘Kantseliariia’, 172–5; SIRIO, vii: 319, Teplov to Elagin, 12 Sept. 1763.

25. G. E. Munro, ‘Food in Catherinian St. Petersburg’, in Food in Russian History and Culture, eds. M. Glants and J. Toomre (Bloomington, IN, 1997), 31–48. Panin and Elagin reminisced about the imperial table in earlier eras: Poroshin, 23 Dec. 1764.

26. SIRIO, i: 261–2, C. to Mme Geoffrin, 4 Nov. 1763.

27. Parkinson, 48, 29 Nov. 1792.

28. Poroshin, 265, 28 Aug. 1765, records a visit of thirty minutes at Tsarskoe Selo: most apparently lasted about fifteen minutes.

29. O. A. Omel’chenko, Imperatorskoe Sobranie 1763 goda (Komissiia o vol’nosti dvorianskoi) (M, 2001), 13–48.

30. SIRIO, x: 381, 20 Sept. 1769; Madariaga, 43–7. Counting the backlog of Senate business became an annual obsession.

31. Quoted in Madariaga, 58.

32. RS, Nov. 1874, 494, C. to Volkov, June 1763.

33. Ekaterina II: Babushkina azbuka, ed. L.V. Tychinina (M, 2004), para. 45.

34. Ovsiannikov, Rastrelli, 173.

35. Ermitazh: Istoriia stroitelstva i arkhitektura zdanii, ed. B. B. Piotrovskii (Leningrad, 1989), 99–102; O. Medvedkova, ‘Catherine II et l’architecture a la francaise: le cas de Vallin de la Mothe’, in Catherine II et l’Europe, ed. Davidenkoff, 39–40; Zapiski Shtelina, i: 207.

36. SIRIO, xxii: 77, Solms to Frederick II, 3 June 1763.

37. KfZh (1763), 213.

38. Poroshin, 305–6, 8 Oct. 1765; McGrew, 56.

39. The following depends on G. N. Komelova, ‘Apartamenty Ekateriny II v Zimnem dvortse’, in Zimnii dvorets: Ocherki zhizni imperatorskoi rezidentsii, 1: XVIII-pervaia tret’ XIX veka (SPb, 2000), 44–73.

40. Benois, Tsarskoe Selo, 125; Poroshin, 307, 10 Oct. 1765.

41. AKV, xxxiv: 358, Panin to Anna Vorontsova, 11 Jan. 1767.

42. Poroshin, 54–5, 15 and 16 Oct. 1764; 192, 20 Feb. 1765. The machine was probably an electrostatic generator donated by Paul’s new science tutor, Franz Aepinus, a first-class scientist from Rostock whose treatise on electricity and magnetism had been published in St Petersburg in 1759. See R. W. Home, Electricity and Experimental Physics in Eighteenth-Century Europe (Hampshire, 1992), chs. XIV and XV.

43. The rooms formerly occupied by C. are now largely given over to the Hermitage Museum’s collection of French painting of the fifteenth to eighteenth centuries and German drawing of the fifteenth to nineteenth centuries.

44. V. Shvarts, Leningrad: Art and Architecture (Leningrad, 1986), 54.

45. SIRIO, xii: 257, Cathcart to Weymouth, 19 Aug. 1768.

46. Wraxall, 241.

47. Poroshin, 76, 2 Nov. 1764.

48. SIRIO, i: 260, C. to Mme Geoffrin, 6 Nov. 1764.

49. Poroshin, 240, 31 July 1765.

50. Lettres au Prince de Ligne, 40, 9 Mar. 1781.

51. S. Lovell, Summerfolk: A History of the Dacha, 1710–2000 (Ithaca, NY, 2003), 9 (piano keys), 11 (Derzhavin translation).

52. KfZh (1766), 12; (1765), 92, 10 June; Poroshin, 230–1, 22 July 1765.

53. KfZh (1766), 12, 36, 37.

54. Pis’ma Saltykovu, 15, 7 July 1763.

55. V. V. Shevtsov, Kartochnaia igra v Rossii (konets XVI—nachalo XX v.): Istoriia igry i istoriia obshchestva (Tomsk, 2005), 27–30, summarises C’s subsequent legislation.

56. V. Maikov, ‘Igrok lombera’ (1763), in Izbrannye proizvedeniia, ed. A.V. Zapadov (Leningrad, 1966), 55–71.

57. KfZh (1765), 18–21, 23–4; Poroshin, 169–70, 1 Feb. 1765.

58. Poroshin, 365–6, 25 Dec. 1765.

59. M. S. Konopleva, Teatral’nyi zhivopisets Dzhuseppe Valeriani: Materialy k biografii i istorii tvorchestva (Leningrad, 1948), 22–3.

60. K. A. Pisarenko, ed., ‘Pis’ma Barona A.S. Stroganova ottsu iz-za granitsei’, Rossiiskii arkhiv: Istoriia Otechestva v svidetel’stvakh i dokumentakh XVIII—XX vv., New Series, 14 (M, 2005), 28 (Cambridge), and passim.

61. R. P. Gray, Russian Genre Painting in the Nineteenth Century (Oxford, 2000), 23–4.

62. ‘Pis’ma Barona A. S. Stroganova’, 13–14, 16, 17, (36).

63. V. A. Somov, ‘Krug chteniia Peterburgskogo obshchestva v nachale 1760-kh godov (iz istorii biblioteki grafa A. S. Stroganova)’, XVIII vek, 22 (SPb, 2002), 200–34.

64. Idem, ‘“Kabinet dlia chteniia grafa Stroganova” (inostrannyi fond)’, in Vek Prosveshcheniia, 1: Prostranstvo evropeiskoi kul’tury v epokhu Ekateriny II (M, 2006), 234–5.

65. Sochineniia, xii: 404.

66. SIRIO, xii: 256–7, Macartney to Grafton 4/15 Apr. 1766.

67. AKV, xxxi: 331–2, C. to M. L. Vorontsov, 2 Dec. 1765. Stroganov’s divorce petition, dated 2 July 1765, is at AKV, xxxiv: 351–2. On the Synod’s growing interest in such matters, see G. L. Freeze, ‘Bringing order to the Russian family: marriage and divorce in imperial Russia, 1760–1860’, Journal of Modern History, 62 (1990), 709–48.

68. Poroshin, 167, 22 Feb. 1765; 177, 27 Feb.; SIRIO, xii: 257, 4/15 Apr. 1766.

69. AKV, xxi: 48. Stroganov also attended C. at her coronation day banquets in