Catherine the Great

1764 and 1765: Poroshin, 14, 22 Sept. 1764; 288, 22 Sept. 1765.

70. Proschwitz, 147, C. to Gustav III, 6 May 1780; Khrapovitskii, 11, 26 June 1786.

71. Shcherbatov, 231.

72. Correspondance, 85, Williams to C., 26 Aug. 1756; 8 Aug., C. to Williams.

73. Sochineniia, xii: 305–6.

74. Despatches, ii: 224 (Russian memoranda).

75. Harris Diaries, i: 227, 20 Jan. 1779.

76. Sochineniia, xii: 56.

77. Ibid., 557, C. to Poniatowski, 9 Aug. 1762.

78. SIRIO, xii: 126, Buckinghamshire to Halifax, 22 Aug. 1763 NS; ibid., i: 266, C. to Mme Geoffrin, 20 Feb. 1765; Sochineniia, xii: 5.

79. See, for example, Despatches, ii: 221, Buckinghamshire to Halifax, 10 Feb. 1763 NS.

80. Poroshin, 245–6, 5 Aug. 1765. For a similar observatory at the Winter Palace, ibid., 305–6, 9 Oct. 1765.

81. R. P. Bartlett, Human Capital: The settlement of foreigners in Russia, 1762– 1804 (Cambridge, 1979), 42–3 (C.’s initiative), 47, 66–8, 91–4, 99–102.

82. Quoted in Alexander, 98.

83. KfZh (1766), 17–18.

84. Poroshin, 56, 16 Oct. 1764, passim.

85. I. Petrovskaia, V. Somina, Teatral’nyi Peterburg: Nachalo XVIII veka-Oktiabr’ 1917 goda (SPb, 1994), 53–64.

86. Poroshin, 56, 16 Oct. 1764 and passim.

87. Poroshin, 102, 25 Nov. 1764.

88. Shtelin, Muzyka, 222, para. 65; J. T. Alexander, ‘Catherine the Great and the Theatre’, in Russian Society and Culture and the Long Eighteenth Century: Essays in Honour of Anthony Cross, eds. R. Bartlett and L. Hughes (Munster, 2004), 121.

89. Shtelin, Muzyka, 218–9, para. 63; MP, i: 228; Poroshin, 347, 26 Nov. 1765.

90. On the proliferation of such spectacles, see H. Watanabe O’Kelly, Triumphall Shews: Tournaments at German-speaking Courts in their European Context, 1560–1730 (Berlin, 1992).

91. Poroshin, 157, 12 Jan. 1765; 225, 11 July.

92. E. S. Shchukina, Dva veka russkoi medali (M, 2000), 76; Alekseeva, Mikhailo Makhaev, 221–3.

93. A. Cross, ‘Professor Thomas Newberry’s Letter from St Petersburg, 1766, on the Grand Carousel and Other Matters’, SEER, 76 (1998), 490–2. On the literary context of the carousel, V. Proskurina, Mify imperii: Literatura i vlast’ v epokhu Ekateriny II (M, 2006), 11–19.

94. Pis’ma Saltykovu, 47, 1 July 1766; Tooke, ii: 79.

95. Poroshin, 18, 27 Sept. 1764; Alexander, ‘Catherine the Great and the Theatre’, 121–2.

96. PSZ, xvi: 11, 631, 3 Aug. 1762.

97. N. D. Chechulin, Ocherki po istorii russkikh finansov v tsarstvovanie Ekateriny II (SPb, 1906), 281–3 (283).

98. Beales, Joseph II, 157–8.

99. For detailed references to this section, see my ‘Religious Ritual at the Eighteenth-Century Russian Court’, in Monarchy and Religion, ed. M. Schaich, 217–48.

100. Poroshin, 6 Jan. 1765; 9, 12 Jan. (illness); 371, 6 Jan. 1766.

101. P. Klimov, ed., Religioznyi Peterburg (SPb, 2004), 73–87; Dixon, ‘Religious Ritual’, 226–7.

102. Poroshin, 336, 13 Nov. 1765; Shtelin, Muzyka, 55, 57–8, paras 6–7.

103. Bil’basov, ii: 156–8; Wortman, Scenarios, 120–1; K. A. Papmehl, Metropolitan Platon of Moscow (Petr Levshin, 1737–1812) (Newtonville MA, 1983), 8– 9.

104. Bil’basov, ii: 165–7; KfZh (1763), 86–107, ‘Pokhodnyi zhurnal puteshestviia Eia Imperatorskago Velichestva v Rostov’.

105. N. I. Zav’ialova, ‘Usad’ba Taininskoe: Istoriia Dvortsovaia ostrova i nekotorye problemy ego sokhraneniia’, Russkaia usad’ba, 7 (2001), 306–23, photo at p. 315.

106. SIRIO, vii: 287, C. to Panin, 22 May 1763.

107. Ibid., 288, same to same, May 1763; J. Hartley, ‘Philanthropy in the Reign of Catherine the Great’, in Bartlett and Hartley, eds., Russia in the Age of the Enlightenment, 176.

108. SIRIO, vii: 288, C. to Panin, undated.

109. KfZh (1763), 172–3; Klimov, ed., Religioznyi Peterburg, 74–5.

110. Papmehl, Metropolitan Platon, 13, quoting Poroshin.

111. P. Bushkovitch, ‘The Clergy at the Russian Court, 1689–1796’, in Monarchy and Religion, ed. Schaich, 124, quoting Poroshin.

112. Papmehl, Metropolitan Platon, 10–11. The examination was on 12 Sept. following a private ‘rehearsal’ four days earlier.

113. Richardson, 225.

114. See E. Kimerling Wirtschafter, ‘20 September 1765: Tsesarevich Paul’s Eleventh Birthday and Father Platon’s “Sermon on Learning”’, in Days from the Reigns, ed. Cross, ii: 163–71.

115. Best, D17844, 1 Aug. 1772 NS.

116. Quoted in G. MacDonogh, Frederick the Great (London, 1999), 116.

117. SIRIO, i: 272, C. to Mme Geoffrin, 17 May 1765.

118. Best. D13032, C. to Voltaire, 28 Nov. 1765; Wilson, Diderot, 466–7.

119. Best. D13433, C. to Voltaire, 9 July 1766; Madariaga, Politics and Culture in Eighteenth- Century Russia (London, 1998), 215–35.

120. Quoted in W. Sunderland, Taming the Wild Field: Colonization and Empire on the Russian Steppe (Ithaca, NY, 2004), 79–80.

121. R. Bartlett, ‘The Free Economic Society: The Foundation Years and the Prize Essay Competition of 1766 on Peasant Property’, in Russland zur Zeit Katharinas II: Absolutismus, Aufklarung, Pragmatismus, eds. E. Hubner, J. Kusber, P. Nitsche (Cologne, 1998), 181–3, 186, 197. The extent of Voltaire’s involvement is revealed by V. A. Somov, ‘Dva otveta Vol’tera na peterburgskom konkurse o krest’ianskoi sobstvennosti’, in Evropeiskoe Prosveshchenie i tsivilizatsiia Rossii, ed. S. Ia. Karp (M, 2004), 150–65.

122. Ransel, Mothers of Misery, 45.

123. Shcherbatov, 251, 253.

124. SIRIO i: 268, C. to Geoffrin, 28 Mar. 1765.

Chapter 7

1. SIRIO, clxi: 73, Bausset to Praslin, 9 May 1766; 73, Rossignol to Louis XV, 13 May; 83, Bausset to Choiseul, 27 May.

2. Bentham, ii: 124, J. Bentham to S. Bentham, 3 June 1778.

3. Quoted in Madariaga, 151.

4. SIRIO, i: 268–9, C. to Mme Geoffrin, 28 Mar. 1765.

5. Dimsdale, ‘20 October 1768’, in Days from the Reigns, ed. Cross, ii: 185– 6.