rossiiskogo gospodstva v Rechi Pospolitoi, 1756–1768 gg. (M, 2004), here 98–102, 119, which underscores the scale of Chernyshev’s ambitions later in the decade.
8. Translated in A. Lentin, Enlightened Absolutism (1760–1790): A Documentary Sourcebook (Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1985), 220.
9. Scott, Emergence, 104–5.
10. SIRIO, vii: 321.
11. H. M. Scott, ‘France and the Polish Throne, 1763–1764’, SEER, 53 (1975), 370–88.
12. SIRIO, vii: 373–4.
13. Scott, Emergence, 65–7; Madariaga, 192.
14. T. Schieder, Frederick the Great, ed. and trans. S. Berkeley and H. M. Scott (London, 2000), 151.
15. H. M. Scott, ‘Frederick II, the Ottoman Empire and the origins of the Russo-Prussian alliance of April 1764’, European Studies Review 7 (1977), 153–75.
16. Quoted in Scott, Emergence, 121. The ship carrying Chernyshev’s uninsured possessions on his return in the following year sank off Kronstadt with an estimated loss of 200,000 roubles. Only his English horses were saved: SIRIO, clxiii: 71, Sabatier to Choiseul, 15 Dec. 1769.
17. SIRIO, xii: 244, Macartney to Grafton, 11 Feb. 1766; Madariaga, 193–4.
18. Madariaga, 206.
19. SIRIO, xiii: 408, C. to Grimm, 19 June 1774; Alexander, 143–5.
20. SIRIO, xx: 246, C. to Frederick II, 5 Dec. 1768.
21. R. P. Bartlett, ‘Russia in the Eighteenth-Century European Adoption of Inoculation for Smallpox’, in Russia and the World of the Eighteenth Century, eds. R. P. Bartlett, A. G. Cross and K. Rasmussen (Columbus, OH, 1988), 193–213; D. Beales, ‘Social Forces and Enlightened Policies’, in Enlightened Absolutism, ed. H. M. Scott (London, 1990), 49–50.
22. Cross, 137–41.
23. SIRIO, xii: 363, Cathcart to Weymouth, 29 Aug. 1768.
24. John Thomson, quoted in Cross, 138.
25. KfZh (1768), 206–12.
26. SIRIO, xii: 391, Cathcart to Weymouth, 21 Oct. 1768. C. herself subsequently referred to a ‘period when I was forbidden to conduct business’: Pis’ma Saltykovu, 73, 9 Nov.
27. R. Dimsdale, ‘20 October 1768: Doctor Dimsdale Spends a Day with the Empress’, in Days from the Reigns, ed. Cross, ii: 186–9, reproduces his ancestor’s invaluable notes.
28. Pis’ma Saltykovu, 73, 27 Oct. 1768.
29. Falconet, 68–9, C. to Falconet, 30 Oct. 1768.
30. KfZh (1768), 212–5.
31. ‘Pis’ma imperatritsy Ekateriny II k grafu Ivanu Grigor’evichu Chernyshevu (1764–1773)’, RA, 9 (1871), 1319, 17 Nov. 1768.
32. Richardson, 33–4.
33. KfZh (1768), 233.
34. SIRIO, xiii: 126, C. to Dimsdale, June 1771.
35. SIRIO, xii: 405–6, Cathcart to Rochford, 25 Nov. 1768.
36. Shtelin, Muzyka, 284–91; not mentioned in KfZh.
37. Bartlett, ‘Smallpox’, 203.
38. Beales, Joseph II, 158.
39. Best. D15396, Dec. 1768.
40. Ermitazh, ed. Piotrovskii, 316–23. Korshunova, Iurii Fel’ten, 29–31, says the model was sent to Moscow, but C. had returned to St Petersburg in Jan. 1768. The first mention of the Hermitage in the Court journals is KfZh (1769), 23, 1 Feb.
41. E. Maxtone Graham, The Beautiful Mrs Graham and the Cathcart Circle (London, 1927), quoting Lady Cathcart to Mrs Walkinshaw of Barrowfield, 8 Feb. 1768. For the Sheremetevs’ table at Kuskovo, see Parkinson, 213.
42. SIRIO, x: 332, C. to Bielke, 4 Mar. 1769; see also Pis’ma Saltykovu, 78, 5 Mar.
43. SIRIO, xii: 428, Cathcart to Rochford, 17 Mar. 1769.
44. Gray, Russian Genre Painting, 14–16.
45. Grimm, 367, 1–2 Nov. 1785.
46. G. Apgar, L’Art singulier de Jean Huber: Voir Voltaire (Paris, 1995), 16, 96–8, 106–7 (98), a reference to Le Patriarche en colere faisant une correction a coups de pied a un cheval qui rue. The Hermitage now holds eight paintings from the series; there may have been four more.
47. C. Frank, ‘Secret deals and public art: Catherine II’s cultural patronage in Bachaumont’s Memoires secrets (1762–1786)’, in Vek prosvescheniia I: Prostranstvo evropeiskoi kul’tury v epokhu Ekateriny II, ed. S. Ia. Karp (M, 2006), 55–9, (60).
48. G. Dulac, ‘La question des beaux-arts dans les relations de Diderot avec la Russie: Les reflexions d’un philosophe (1765–1780)’, in Vek prosvescheniia, I: 10.
49. Letter of 1777, quoted in R. Davison, Diderot et Galiani: etude d’une amitie philosophique, SVEC: 237 (1985), 98–9.
50. B. V. Anan’ich, et al, Kredit i banki v Rossii do nachala XX veka: Sankt-Peterburg i Moskva (SPb, 2005), 72–80 (73, 75); PSZ, xv: 11,550, 25 May 1762; SIRIO, clxiii: 183–4, Sabatier to Choiseul, 7 Sept. 1770.
51. SIRIO, xxxvii: 214, Solms to Frederick, 3 Feb. 1769.
52. SIRIO, x: 334, C. to Elagin, 1 Apr. 1769.
53. F. Venturi, The End of the Old Regime in Europe, 1768–1776, trans. R. B. Litchfield (Princeton, NJ, 1989), 7–9.
54. ‘Pis’ma Chernyshevu’, 1325, 14 Dec. 1768.
55. Venturi, End of the Old Regime, 10–12, 15 (7).
56. Ibid., 27.
57. KfZh (1769), 44; T. Kudriavtseva and H. Whitbeck, Russian Imperial Porcelain Easter Eggs (London, 2001), 13.
58. Madariaga, 206.
59. KfZh (1769), 69, 70–5; Pis’ma Saltykovu, 79, 1 May 1769.
60. SIRIO, x: 337, C. to Panin, 10 May 1769.
61. KfZh (1769), 86–9, 96–9.
62. KfZh (1769), 104–6, 124–6.
63. SIRIO, cxliii: 36, Sabatier to Choiseul, 3 Oct. 1769.
64. Richardson, 103–4.
65. Quoted in W. G. Jones, Nikolay Novikov: Enlightener of Russia (Cambridge, 1984), 22.
66. Catherine’s babushka persona quoted in K. J. McKenna, ‘Empress behind the mask: the personae of Md. Vsiakaia Vsiachina in Catherine the Great’s periodical essays on manners and morals’, Neophilologus, 74 (1990), 3.
67. Satiricheskie zhurnaly N.I. Novikova, ed. P. N. Berkov (Moscow-Leningrad, 1951), 92, Truten’, 21 July 1769.
68. Sochineniia, xii: 636.
