4 A. I. Solzhenitsyn, Letter to the Soviet Leaders.
5 G. Hosking, Beyond Socialist Realism. Soviet Fiction since Ivan Denisovich, ch. 3.
6 M. Friedberg, Russian Classics in Soviet Jackets, pp. 170–76.
7 I witnessed this in 1974 in the Leningrad Library of the Academy of Sciences.
8 See R. Hill and P. Frank, The Soviet Communist Party, p. 36.
9 Narodnoe khozyaistvo v 1990 g., p. 188.
10 M. Matthews, Class and Society in Soviet Russia, pp. 81–9.
11 S. White, Political Culture and Soviet Politics, p. 133.
12 I have yet to see a copy of this decree, but was informed about it in the Moscow bookshop (now a private video-shop: o tempora, o mores!) on Bogdan Khmelnitsii Street in 1989.
13 D. Lane, The End of Inequality?, pp. 104–6.
14 Calculated from V. Kozlov, The Peoples of the Soviet Union, pp. 94, 206.
15 I am grateful to Archie Brown for elucidating the Yakovlev affair.
16 Moskovskie novosti, nos. 8–9 (1990).
17 Hill and Frank, The Soviet Communist Party, p. 63.
18 W. E. Butler, ‘Techniques of Law Reform in the Soviet Union’, p. 210.
19 See D. Volkogonov, Lenin: politicheskii portret, vol. 2, pp. 399–401.
20 R. Medvedev, Lichnost’ i epokha, pp. 298, 300.
22 Towards Reform (1982–1985)
1 M. S. Gorbachev, Zhizn’ i reformy, vol. 1, p. 148.
2 R. Medvedev, Gensek s Lubyanki, p. 13.
3 F. Burlatskii, Vozhdi i sovetniki, p. 35.
4 G. Arbatov, Svidetel’stvo sovremennika, p. 139.
5 Gorbachev, Zhizn’ i reformy, vol. 1, p. 189.
6 R. Medvedev, Gensek, p. 132.
7 I. S. Klemashev, Andropov’s doctor, records this in Fenomen Andropova, p. 20.
8 Yu. V. Andropov, ‘Uchenie Karla Marksa i nekotorye voprosy sotsialisticheskogo stroitel’stva’, Kommunist, no. 3 (1983).
9 Pravda, 1 February 1983.
10 N. Ryzhkov, Perestroika: istoriya predatel’stv, pp. 37, 41. For a general account see A. Brown, The Gorbachev Factor, pp. 64–5.
11 Ryzhkov, Perestroika, p. 61. Gorbachev says that Politburo candidate member V. I. Dolgikh, too, was involved in the leadership of the research team: Zhizn’ i reformy, vol. 1, p. 233.
12 Ryzhkov, Perestroika, p. 47.
13 See R. Medvedev’s account in Gensek, pp. 93.
14 T. Zaslavskaya, ‘The Novosibirsk Report’, p. 88–108.
15 Arbatov, Svidetel’stvo sovremennika, p. 322.
16 See M. Walker, The Cold War, p. 276.
17 A. Vol’skii, Literaturnaya gazeta, 4 July 1990. The episode is still rather obscure: Gorbachev claims not to have known about it until after Chernenko’s selection as General Secretary, Zhizn’ i reformy, vol. 1, p. 245. See also Brown, The Gorbachev Factor, pp. 67–9.
18 R. Medvedev, Gensek, pp. 219–22.
19 See R. Sakwa, Gorbachev and his Reforms, p. 11.
20 Narodnoe khozyaistvo v 1983 g., p. 129; Narodnoe khozyaistvo v 1984 g., p. 229.
21 A. S. Chernyaev, Shest’ let s Gorbachevym, pp. 12–13.
22 Ryzhkov, Perestroika, pp. 37, 61.
23 Istochnik, no. 0 [sic] (1993), pp. 68–72.
24 It was widely reported that Gromyko said that Gorbachev had a ‘handsome smile but an iron bite’: see A. Roxburgh, The Second Russian Revolution, p. 207. But Gromyko’s quip does not appear in any text of his speech so far published.
25 Brown, The Gorbachev Factor, pp. 121–6.
26 Gorbachev, Zhizn’ i reformy, vol. 1, p. 38.
27 Ibid., p. 74.
28 G. Shakhnazarov, Tsena svobody, p. 339.
29 L’Unita, 9 April 1985.
30 M. Gorbacov and Z. Mlynar, Reformatori NebyvajiSt?astni, p. 39. I am grateful to Kieran Williams for alerting me to the existence of this book and for helping me with the Czech language.
31 Gorbachev, Zhizn’ i reformy, vol. 1, p. 210.
32 Gorbacov and Mlynar, Reformatori, p. 39.
33 Gorbachev, Zhizn’ i reformy , vol. 1, pp. 165, 169.
34 Ibid., p. 236.
35 Ibid., p. 265: ‘Tak dal’she zhit’ nel’zya’.
36 I am grateful to Archie Brown for pointing out the significance of the location of the conversation.
37 Istochnik, no. 0 [sic] (1993), p. 74.
38 E. Shevardnadze, Moi vybor, p. 79.
39 Please note that these figures relate to full members of the Politburo.
40 Brown, The Gorbachev Factor, p. 77.
41 Gorbachev, Zhizn’ i reformy, vol. 1, p. 210.
42 Ryzhkov, Perestroika, p. 92.
43 Gorbachev, Izbrannye rechi i stat’i, vol. 2, p. 212.
44 Party Programme: SXXVII, vol. 1, p. 555.
45 T. Colton, The Dilemma of Reform in the Soviet Union, p. 91.
46 Gorbacov and Mlynar, Reformatori, p. 69.
47 Walker, The Cold War, p. 273.
48 See note 46.
49 Chernyaev, Shest’ let s Gorbachevym, p. 57.
50 Ibid., p. 121.
51 SXXVII, vol. 2, p. 32.
52 Z. Medvedev, Nuclear Disaster in the Urals.
53 Gorbachev, Zhizn’ i reformy, vol. 1, p. 304.
